| In order to study nutrient effects of different dietary fiber levels on growing geese and explore the terra incognita of dietary fiber and NSP enzymes in diet of geese, a series of studies had been conducted, which took new research methods and new research tools with new view in this test.1 Effect of different dietary fiber levels and NSP enzymes on growth performance and its related effects in growing geesePurpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different dietary fiber levels and NSP enzymes on growth performance, digestive organ development, small intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities of chyme in pancreas and small intestine, the amount of microbes in cecum, relative viscosity of intestinal digesta, metabolic hormone levels and serum biochemical index in growing geese. Method: Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous, and contained rice hulls and corn stalk as the major dietary sources of fiber. Over a period of 28 days an feeding experiment was performed with 700 29-day-old growing geese produced by a cross between Landes geese and Huoyan geese, which were randomly divided into 7 experimental groups of 5 replicates of 20 geese each. The objective of the experiment was to study the effects of different levels of crude fiber (3.00%, 5.00%, 7.00%, 9.00% and 11.00%) and NSP enzymes (0.20% and 0.40%) on growth performance and its related effects. At the end of the feeding experiment, 3 geese were randomly selected from each replicates (a total of 15 geese each group) and were slaughtered for dressed performance and collected test samples for determination of the corresponding indicators. Result: (1) With the crude fiber levels increasing, ADFI had an improving trends, but the difference was not significant (p＞0.05); FCR and ADG were on the rise first and then decrease (p＜0.05), CF5% group and CF7% group gained the best growth performance. Comparing with CF11% group, ADG of CF5% group and CF7% group increased by 22.60% and 24.25% respectively (p＜0.05), and FCR improved by 22.65% and 21.74% respectively (p＜0.05). NSP enzyme supplementation significantly enhanced ADG (p＜0.05), the ADG increased from 14.82% to 19.69%. Meanwhile, NSP enzymes improved the FCR by 13.27%～19.93%(p＜0.05). The ADFI was on the decline, but failed to reach statistical significance (p＞0.05). (2)With the crude fiber levels increasing, percentage of abdominal fat had a trend of increasing first and then decreasing (p＜0.05). CF5% group gained the highest percentage of abdominal fat. Percentage of abdominal fat of CF5% group increased by 31.69% than CF11% group; dressing percentage, semi-eviscerated percentage, eviscerated percentage, percentage of breast muscle and percentage of leg muscle were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). NSP enzymes increased significantly percentage of Abdominal fat (p＜0.05), the increase ranged from 15.30% to 25.14%. There was no significant difference in dressing percentage, semi-eviscerated percentage, eviscerated percentage, percentage of breast muscle and percentage of leg muscle among all treatment (p＞0.05). (3) With the crude fiber levels increasing, GLU was on the increase first and then decrease (p＜0.05). CF5% group gained the highest GLU. Comparing with CF11% group, The GLU of CF5% group increased by 13.93% (p＜0.05). The crude fiber significantly improved ALP (p＜0.05). ALP of CF3% group was the lowest, which decreased by 23.23% than CF11% group (p＜0.05); UA, ALT, TG, TC, TP and AST were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). GLU and TP were significantly (p＜0.05) higher with enzyme supplementation. NSP enzymes enhanced GLU by 14.36%～19.26% and TP by 5.20%～8.44%; UA, ALT, TG, TC, ALP and AST were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). (4) With the crude fiber levels increasing, GH and IGF-I were on the increase first and then decrease (p＜0.05), GH and IGF-I of CF7% group were the highest. GH and IGF-I of CF7% group increased by 40.00% and 46.56% than CF11% group respectively (p＜0.05); There was no significant difference in Glu, INS, TSH, T3 and T4 among all treatment (p＞0.05). NSP enzymes increased T3 by 15.00%～16.47% (p＜0.05) and IGF-I by 20.29%～23.15% (p＜0.05); INS, TSH, GH, Glu and T4 were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). (5) With the crude fiber levels increasing, MRW (muscular stomach relative weight), GRW (glandular stomach relative weight), DRW (duodenum relative weight) and JRW (jejunum relative weight) significantly increased (p＜0.05), but the crude fiber levels didn't significantly affect PRW (pancreas relative weight), CRW (caecum relative weight) and IRW (ileum relative weight) (p＞0.05). NSP enzymes decreased MRW (muscular stomach relative weight) by 8.37%～9.83% (p＜0.05),GRW (glandular stomach relative weight) by 13.46%～17.31% (p＜0.05)and JRW (jejunum relative weight) by 7.56%～8.72% (p＜0.05). PRW (pancreas relative weight), DRW (duodenum relative weight), CRW (caecum relative weight) and IRW (ileum relative weight) were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). (6)With the crude fiber levels increasing, DVH (duodenal villus height), IVH (ileal villus height), JMT (jejunal membrane proper thickness) and IMT (ileal membrane proper thickness), DCR (duodenal villus height/crypt depth rate), JCR (jejunal villus height/ crypt depth rate) and ICR (ileal villus height/ crypt depth rate) were on the increase first and then decrease (p＜0.05), CF5% group gained the highest all. Comparing with CF11% group, above-mentioned index of CF5% group increased by 12.22%, 14.05%, 24.83%, 20.22%, 44.55%, 53.13% and 46.99% respectively (p＜0.05). DCD (duodenal crypt depth), JCD (jejunal crypt depth) and ICD (ileal crypt depth) were on the decrease first and then increase (p＜0.05). DCD and JCD of CF5% group were the lowest. Comparing with CF11% group, DCD and JCD of CF5% group decreased by 23.83% and 27.71% respectively (p＜0.05). CF7% group gained the lowest ICD (ileal crypt depth), which decreased by 24.64% than CF11% group (p＜0.05); JVH (jejunal villus height) and DMT (duodenal membrane proper thickness) were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). After adding NSP enzymes, DCD, JCD and ICD decreased by 17.55%～17.84%, 17.71%～17.94% and 16.57%～16.85% respectively (p＜0.05), and DCR, ICR, JCR, JMT and IMT increased by 30.94%～32.96%, 25.50%～27.22%, 30.97%～32.96%, 22.24%～24.40% and 16.72%～17.99% respectively (p＜0.05); DVH, JVH, IVH and DMT were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). (7) With the crude fiber levels increasing, activities of duodenal trypsin, duodenal amylase, jejunal trypsin, jejunal amylase, jejunal lipase and ileal amylase were on the increase first and then decrease (p＜0.05); CF7% group gained the highest activities of jejunal amylase. Comparing with CF11% group, the jejunal amylase activities of CF7% group increased by 33.98% (p＜0.05). CF5% group gained the highest activities of duodenal trypsin, duodenal amylase, jejunal trypsin, jejunal lipase and ileal amylase, which increased by 28.72%, 34.71%, 44.24%, 59.44% and 50.35% than CF11% group respectively (p＜0.05). Activities of pancreatic trypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, duodenal lipase, ileal trypsin and ileal lipase were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). Adding NSP enzymes, activities of duodenal trypsin, duodenal amylase, jejunal amylase and ileal amylase significantly increased (p＜0.05), and increased by 21.57%～23.49%,22.67%～23.29%,24.15%～27.71% and 39.50%～40.37% respectively (p＜0.05). Activities of pancreatic trypsin, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, duodenal lipase, jejunal trypsin, jejunal lipase, ileal lipase and ileal trypsin were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). (8) With the crude fiber levels increasing, the amount of E. coli significantly increased (p＜0.05). The amount of E. coli of CF3% group was the lowest, which decreased by 4.99% than CF11% group (p＜0.05); The amount of Bacillus bifidus and Lactobacillus were not significantly different in all treatment (p＞0.05). Adding NSP enzymes, the amount of E. coli, Bacillus bifidus and Lactobacillus had an decreasing trends, but the difference was not significant (p>0.05). (9) With the crude fiber levels increasing, duodenal chyme relative viscosity, jejunal chyme relative viscosity and ileal chyme relative viscosity were on the increase (p＜0.05). Above-mentioned index of CF3% group were the lowest, which decreased by 11.32%, 13.64% and 15.95% than CF11% group respectively (p＜ 0.05). NSP enzymes decreased duodenal chyme relative viscosity by 9.43%～10.69%, jejunal chyme relative viscosity by 10.74%～12.81% and ileal thyme relative viscosity by 14.11%～15.03% respectively (p＜0.05).2 Application of isotope tracer technique to study the effect of Dietary Fiber Level on endogenous amino acid excretion and true digestibility of amino acid for geesePurpose: The aim of this study was to research the effect of different dietary fiber levels on endogenous amino acid excretion and true digestibility of amino acid for the growing geese. Method: In this experiment, rice hulls and corn stalk as the major sources of dietary fiber was used to regulate dietary fiber levels, respectively 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% and 11% of the experimental diets with equal energy and protein. A nitrogen-free diet (NFD) was designed to test endogenous amino acid pattern. An metabolism experiment was performed with thirty 42-day-old growing male geese produced by a cross between Landes geese and Huoyan geese, which were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups of 5 replicates of 1 goose each. The objective of the experiment was to measure excretion of endogenous amino acid by isotopic tracer technique and amino acid digestibility by true metabolizable energy. Result: With the crude fiber levels (3%～7%) increasing, geese endogenous amino acid excretion had a trend of increasing, but the difference was not significant (p＞0.05), and true digestibility of amino acid was higher and more stable (p＞0.05). Crude fiber increased extremely significantly (p＜0.01) endogenous amino acid excretion, and decreased extremely significantly (p＜0.01) true digestibility of amino acid, when CF level increased from 7% to 11%. Endogenous amino acid excretion of CF11% group (highest) increased than CF3% group (lowest) by 92.13%(p＜0.01). True digestibility of amino acids of CF11% group (minimum) decreased than CF5% group (maximum) by 39.88% (p＜0.01).3 Effects of NSP enzymes and dietary fiber levels on true digestibility of nutrients and energy equivalen between them and TME of growing geese.Purpose: The aim of this study was to research the effect of NSP enzymes and dietary fiber levels on TME, true digestibility of crude protein, crude fat, starch, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber, and study energy equivalent between them and TME of growing geese. Method: Eight diet treatment were made up of 4 levels of dietary crude fiber (3.00%, 5.67%, 8.33%, 11.00%) and 4 levels of NSP enzymes recruitment (0, 0.133%, 0.267%, 0.400%), according to U8(82) of uniform design experiment method. Forty five 42-day aged growing male geese produced by a cross between Landes geese and Huoyan geese, randomly divided into 9 groups, 5 replicates of 1 goose each. One group was used to test endogenous nutrients and energy, the others groups were used for metabolism experiment by TME. Result: Dietary fiber levels ranged from 3% to 11%, the digestibilities of all nutrients showed a quadratic curve pattern, in which there were maximum. When the levels of crude fibre in diet ranged from 3.88% to 5.07%, the digestibilities of all nutrients gained the maximum. NSP enzymes addition was in the range from 0% to 0.40%, the digestibilities of all nutrients showed a quadratic curve pattern. When dietary crude fiber level was 3%, and NSP enzymes ranged from 0.30% to 0.35%, the digestibilities of all nutrients gained the maximum. The optimum NSP enzymes supplementation increased with the level of dietary crude fiber. Energy equivalent of dietary crude fiber and NSP enzymes were -17.45MJ/kg～9.09MJ/kg and 152.50MJ/kg～338.46MJ/kg respectively.4 Effect of different dietary fiber levels and NSP enzymes on digestibility in vitro of nutrients for growing geesePurpose: The objective of the experiment was to study the effects of different dietary fiber levels and NSP enzymes on output of reducing sugar, and digestibility in vitro of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, crude ash, dry matter and amino acids, without the intestinal interference. Method: Seven diet treatment were made up of 5 levels of dietary crude fiber (3.00%,5.00%,7.00%,9.00% and 11.00%) and 2 levels of NSP enzymes supplementation (0.20% and 0.40%) on 11% of crude fiber-based diet. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained rice hulls and corn stalk as the major dietary sources of fiber. The in-vitro digestion test was conducted by Zyla's method (1995, 1999). Result: Dietary crude fiber reduced the digestibility in vitro of dietary crude fiber, and reduced output of reducing sugar significantly (p＜0.05), also decreased significantly the digestibility in vitro of crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, dry matter and all kinds of amino acids in the diets. Digestibilities in vitro was lower when dietary crude fiber level was higher. NSP enzymes improved the digestibility in vitro of dietary crude fiber, and increased output of reducing sugar significantly (p＜0.05), also increased the digestibility in vitro of crude protein, crude ash, dry matter, leucine and glutamate. The other amino acids in the diets and ether extract increased, but the difference was not significant (p＞0.05)5 Study on optimum percentage of NSP enzyme and dietary fiber in the diets of growing geesePurpose: The aim of this study was to optimize different percentage of dietary fiber and NSP enzymes in the diets of growing geese, to be in the service of improving feed conversion rate, average daily gain and economic benefit of breeding geese. Method: The diet treatment was made up of 5 levels of dietary crude fiber (3.00%,4.17%,7.00%,9.83%,11.00%) and 5 levels of NSP enzymes supplementation (0,0.059%,0.200%,0.341%,0.400%) by using two factors quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combing design. Diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous and contained rice hulls and corn stalk as the major dietary sources of fiber. Over a period of 28 days an feeding experiment was performed with 800 29-day-old growing geese produced by a cross between Landes geese and Huoyan geese, which were randomly divided into 16 experimental groups of 5 replicates of 10 geese each. Result: Two mathematical models describing the relationship between average daily gain and two factors, and the relationship between feed conversion rate and two factors, were developed respectively. The optimum percentage of NSP enzymes and dietary crude fiber in geese diets are as follows: When NSP enzymes preparation and the levels of crude fibre in diet were 0.347% and 5.68% respectively, the optimum feed conversion rate was 3.21. The levels of crude fibre and NSP enzymes in diet were 6.16% and 0.300% respectively, when the maximal average daily gain was 54.29g.
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