Some Issues Related To The Presentation Of Modern Chinese

This paper discussed the non systematic, and belongs to the special topicdiscussion. The selected topic is the difficulty we are often encountered in practice inteaching Chinese as a foreign language. Due to the non Chinese speakers, so theproblem and research ideas are concerned in this paper are based on practical, as faras possible to describe and explain both the Chinese ontology study, research andteaching Chinese as a foreign language together as much as possible, not only toexplore the theoretical aspects, also should use aspect of the operation.In addition to the introduction，including and attachment, this paper is into11chapters. The first to the forth chapter is theoretical study, the fifth to theeleventh chapter are the special form of expression in modern Chinese by the caseanalysis。The discussion topics include（:1）language sign, grammatical forms and thecategory of time;（2）the three elements of Chinese time category;（3）the overallfeatures of Chinese temporal expressions;（4）the category of aspect in modernChinese;（5）the “cong X qi” time structure;（6）the “X yiqian” time structure;（7）performance subjective a large number of“dou NP le”structure（;8）“zheng1”and “zheng2” in the synchronic and diachronic evolution（;9）“daoshi”semantic,status, function and the development process;（10）“yihu（r）” usage, semanticfeatures and historical evolution;（11）The related problems on “cengjing”. Thereare also attached three paper for reference. They are “‘zai+VP’ syntactic,semantic, pragmatic--Also on the semantic difference between ‘zai’ and ‘zheng’”,“comparative analysis of Chinese ‘yijing’ and Vietnamese ‘da’” and “The summary onresearch of Vietnamese category of time”.The main contents of this paper can be summarized as follows:The first chapter mainly discusses the language symbol, grammatical formsand the time category three questions. The argument can be summed up asfollowing:（1）The linguistic sign includes the signifier and the signified; the linguisticsign is arbitrary，conventional and systematic. The linguistic sign also is the most important tool of communication（;2）there are two kinds of understanding form: thenarrow form refers to the word of joint tail, namely the structure modeterm;morphological changes of generalized morphological change is beyond both theabove words, including the relationship between words and binding ability, wordorder, overlapping, phonetic, attached components, etc.;（3）Chinese is a generalizedform;（4）the time system is arranged in a crisscross pattern of a semantic network;（5）A grammatical category is highly summarized the grammatical meaning, it is themanifestation of the grammatical form.The second chapter mainly discusses the external structure of time and internalstructure of time events. The view can be summed up in a few points:（1）the timeis an important factor associated with the reality of the situation;（2）the structure oftime difference between external and internal events, both lower can also distinguishbetween several small class;（3）time and time is concerned, boundaries betweenthem are relative, in special circumstances can change each other.The third chapter mainly analyzes the Chinese expression appeared in timesignificance and expression. The argument can be summed up as following:（1）showthe extent refers to the time and the time of three elements （chroneme, timeposition and the amount of time）expression is closely related to. You are more likelyto become apparent degree, point or period in time domain. Among them, timenoun, quantifiers and tables describe appear degree word top, belong to time strongrefers to means of expression;apparent degree adverbs of time, auxiliary verbs andmodal words some of the weak, weak refers to the means of expression oftime;degree of temporal conjunctions, prepositions appear time and dynamicauxiliary extremely weak, non time reference expression methods;（2）the timecomponents have different performance in the time domain, the expression timeand time;（3）time is an objective existence, but the expression of the human in thesense of time is a way of interpretation is subjective, mainly reflected in threeaspects to show, level and magnitude of.The forth chapter discusses the definition, nature, categories, expression ofChinese aspect and the two aspect problem related. This chapter views can be summarized as following:（1）a specific movement stage internal components andevents of the performance reflecting the speaker on the internal components andevents "viewing" is a concept of space instead of time concept（;2）Chinese, not whenthe mixed language. Chinese aspect and time are two different grammaticalcategories;（3）aspect is divided into two kinds of events and internal aspect. Thedifference lies in the aspect, events focusing on the events as a whole, is non detailedperformance events, internal aspect based on the internal structure of events, eventdetails of performance;（4）the internal aspect movements, and the relationshipbetween aspect three kinds of traits. The action aspect can be divided into sevensmall class, includes initial aspect, end of period aspect, continuing aspect, repeatingaspect;（5）the internal aspect mark and the quantity component with internalcomponent（sby action, properties, relations）action itself intensity and different theinternal aspect;（6）labeled highlight range restricts the marker order, its principlesare as follows: highlight range can contain highlights the range of small.The fifth chapter did an analysis on the syntax and semantic features of“cong X qi”. Preliminary of research contained three points:（1）the semantic of“cong X qi” came from the semantic alternatives and unity of “cong” and “qi”,the sense of “cong X qi” sum up that: a action began from the time of X andcontinued to current-time of talking or the another end of time（;2）from the pressureof“cong X qi”, X changed into the beginning of time, and X also have effected on theevent;（3）the topic-feature, focus-feature and the connectivity-feature of “cong Xqi” also have effects on event-continuity.The sixth chapter analyzes the three plane structure “X yiqian”grammatical, semantic and pragmatic table, their views can be summarized asfollows:（1）“X” is a noun of time, time, time has a double meaning, in X modifiedwith different semantic process explicit;（2）when X refers to the point,“X yiqian”shows a period of time, when X refers to the period of time,“X yiqian” shows apoint of time;（3）“X” as a whole, appear in a sentence in different syntacticpositions, can different semantic role as the background, such as time, the principal thing, system, start time, end time（;4）from the pragmatic point of view, the differentdistribution of “X yiqian” actually reflects the speaker’s intention and in thetransmission of information of the consideration and arrangement, mainly in as topic,plays the connection role and focus on three aspects.The seventh chapter analyzes the construction and constructional meaning of“dou NP le”, based on further study of discourse functions and causes of the “douNP le”. Basic idea of this paper can be summarized as:（1）NP with imaginaryquantity or imaginary order, high level expression of the speaker”s evaluation, is alarge degree of subjective class times（;2）The constructional meaning of“dou NP le”summarized as: Review of a large number of subjective level（;3）“dou NP le”contextconstitutes a conventional type and add style, and turning the former representscausal relationship between the latter indicates an additional processing solution（;4）“dou NP le” Construction was the results of “dou（V+NP）le” structure due toV omitted, NP focusing, shedding and representations;（5）The production of “douNP le” construction, closely related to both the simplified mechanism of language,the grammaticalization of semantic structure and the Pragmatic Value；（6）Chinese“dou NP le” translated into Vietnamese, there are two forms:“??u+refers topeople+r?i” and “??+quantity, time+r?i”,“dou” includes the Vietnameselanguage “??u” and “??“. In teaching Chinese, we should pay more attention to thesefeatures for better results.The eighth chapter based on analyzing the syntactic differences between“zheng1” and “zheng2”, discussed the semantic functional differences both of them,basically that:（1）In the conveyed information, the “zheng1” is an importanttime-mark, it indicates the situation occurred mainly overlapped（;2）“zheng2”is thefocus of the action, indicates the mood. In addition, we also analyzed thegrammaticalization of “zheng”. Adverb “zheng” differentiated into “zheng1” and“zheng2” that took place since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty. In the course oftheir differentiation, pragmatics highlights an important motivation, the metaphor isthe main mechanism of differentiation, the adverb “zheng” in the time domain to adifferentiation modality further is the result of the mapping field. The nineth chapter focuses on the analysis and description of the adverbsof time “daoshi” semantic, syntactic position, thus the word cohesion and modalfunction are discussed, that:（1）“daoshi” as an adverb of time emerging, said acourse of action or situation from a starting point of time began to appear, when theposition of the future（;2）the cohesion function,“daoshi” to highlight the situationbefore and after undertaking, condition, concession and transition relations;（3）duration, time adverb “daoshi” is in the time information of the background underactuator,“daoshi” verb phrase lexicalization,“the（dynamic）+[NP/VP+]” formatto simplify and “（dynamic）+[NP/VP+]” format instead of three strong suppressionand integration of results.The tenth chapter in the analysis of “yihui（r）” usage, discusses the “yihui（r）” part of speech, semantic function and pragmatic meaning, fold, the mainpoint can be summarized as:（1）“yihui（r）” is a noun;（2）the semantics,“yihui（r）” as adverbial, said future, do complement, attribute and the subject, thatrefers to the time, but is far away from the length and size difference（;3）“yihu（ir）”fold, mainly emphasizes the situation changes, constitute the two different formatsof S1and S2, the former focuses on the common and abnormal situation, the latterthe action is short and coherence;（4）from the historical point of view,“yihui（r）”warring States period to the Republic of China, experienced the time intensive, time,nominalization and double syllable change process, which developed into todayusage;“yihui（r）” as complement, and object co-occurrence and sequence on thebasis of a certain duration.The eleventh chapter based on analyzing the nominalization and focusing of thenon-adverbial “cengjing”, this paper showed that:（1）“Cengjing” basicly becameTime-Noun；（2）The non-adverbial usage of “cengjing” is the result of themetonymy causing nominalization；（3）The focusing of “cengjing” contains twoways: position moving and parallel structure.The twelfth chapter is the conclusion, summarizes the core point of view, thepapers innovation and deficiency.