Approaches For Coping Resource And Environment Constraints

As a pillar in China’s national economy, enterprise is the leading sector of China’s economic growth and the basis of economic restructuring. However, in recent years, the enterprise in China, while making great achievement, has been facing the increasingly serious problem of resource shortage and environmental pollution, which to a certain degree constrain its future sustainable development.The question that how enterprise can break the constraint of resources and environment in order to achieve sustainable development has gradually attracted the attention of scholars. In developed countries, due to the long development history of enterprise and that existing problem mostly originate in environmental pollution, the research approaches mainly include the end-of-pipe treatment and recycling economy that focus on technology research. Differently, the enterprise in China has a comparatively short history and fairly rapid development speed, which make it face the twin problems of resources shortage and environmental pollution. Currently, the researches of Chinese scholars on this issue mainly focus on the constraint of resources to macro-economic, while paying little attention to the question that how enterprise can break the constraint of resources and environment to achieve sustainable development, not to mention making a systematic study on it.This paper holds the idea that the formation of resource shortage and environment pollution is a systemic problem---that is, there are various levels, instead of either a single enterprise, enterpriser unilateral economic system itself or a technical innovation or institutional innovation. Therefore, the primary job is to analyze this problem systematically to find out its different levels.Considering the above reasons, this paper, based on the organizational ecology theory, analyzes the different levels of ecology and puts forward the comprehensive countermeasures by using the methods of qualitative and quantitative, theoretic and practical, transplantation and metaphor. Based on organizational ecology theory, the author analyzes the characteristics of enterprise-enterprise, ecological niche and its composition, relationships of enterprise groups, its ecological capacity, the composition and function of ecological system, from the perspective of individual enterprises, enterprise groups and ecology. On this basis, the paper points out that the metabolism of enterprise-enterprise and self-reproduction gives rise to the consumption of resources and the environment pollution. The niche competition worsens the problem. The resources and environment constraints faced by enterprise results from ecological capacity limit of enterprise. The different ecological factors in ecosystem constitutes the different dimensions of ecological capacity. The various rules form the limits of ecological capacity.It can be found that there exit three recourse-limiting factors in Chinese enterprise:in natural, ecological, and economic ecological. In addition, this paper puts forward that the expansion of ecological capacity in Chinese enterprise should take three aspects--technical innovation, population symbiosis and the construction of institutionalizing ecological environment into consideration based on the compensate machine and synergistic evoluting laws in ecological system, the expanding effects of technical innovation in man-made ecological system on ecological capacity and the special features of ecological environment’s choosing organizing form.By considering the technical innovation aspect, this chapter will analyze how to expand ecological capacity beginning with studying it within population. At first, this paper builds the increasing model of Logistic population and analyzes the data of ecological capacity’s limitative effects. And then, by using the point that technical innovation in organizing ecological theory can expand ecological capacity and introducing the concepts of ecologicalizing technical innovation, a brand-new system considering both the economic profits and social benefits and aiming at the reduction of recourse use, this thesis proposes the following two practical methods:(1) expanding the relative value of ecological capacity by increasing recourse utilization rate and at the same time, reducing its using quantities; (2) expanding its absolute value by developing alternative recourse. At last, this thesis builds ecological models respectively, describing quantitively the influences of ecologicalizing technical innovation on ecological capacity’s relative and absolute expanding effects.By considering the population symbiosis, starting with the relationship between populations, the author investigates how to expand ecological capacity. First, L-V competition model is used to analyze the effect of competition on the ecological capacity. It is found that ecological niche overlap occurs between different populations under the specific condition of time and space, thereby giving rise to competition. And due to the existence of competition, enterprise population size is often lower than saturation values in ecological capacity theory. Then the author introduces the concepts of symbiosis and puts forward the viewpoint that ecological capacity is expanded by developing industrial symbiosis. The widespread symbiosis in nature provides new ideas for the study of the relationship between different enterprise populations. Symbiosis aims at producing new energy. So the mutual use of waste in enterprise-enterprise populations makes different populations imitate the natural symbiosis to establish industrial symbiosis so as to achieve the expansion of ecological capacity. At last, according to the built symbiosis model of enterpriseenterprise population, the author analyzes the expanding role of symbiosis in ecological capacity further.By considering the construction of institution, eco-technology innovation can’t come true spontaneously because of its positive externalities and negative externalities of environmental pollution and resource waste. Based on Hannan and Freeman’s point of view that the environment has a great impact on the choice of the organization forms, the author proposes that it is necessary to build the ecological environment in accordance with its development requirements in order to develop eco-technology innovation and also points out that the government plays a vital role in building new enterprise ecological environment. Then, the importance of government role is investigated further by establishing a game model. The following is the analysis of limiting factors existing in the traditional economic and ecological environment. In the end, the author gives some suggestions:(1) the government needs to use state regulation, economic tools, social balance mechanism and other tools to build a new enterprise ecosystem; (2) in the construction of industrial symbiosis, the government needs to act as system providers and coordinators.