Research On Closed-Loop Supply Chain Coordination With Contracts Under Normal And Disrupting Environments

Driven by the factors of ecological effect, mandatory regulations, economic effect and social effect, closed-loop supply chain considering obsolete products recycling and reusing has been widely recognized by the communities of academics and practitioners in the supply chain management filed. As with the traditional supply chain, the enterprises who actually operated closed-loop supply chain were all independent individuals of decision-maker, their own self-interest behaviors can result in the "double marginalization*" problem and the loss of system efficiency. Besides, different kinds of emergence events can easily disrupt the normal operation of closed-loop supply chain, and the occurrence of disruptions may make formulated projects in the stable environment no longer feasible, resulting in the loss of system efficiency again. Hence, based on the systematic analysis of the existing researches about the contract coordination of closed-loop supply chain and the contract coordination disruption management of supply chain, the paper comprehensively applicate various theories and methods including game theory, optimization theory, mechanism design theory, supply chain contract coordination theory and disruption management theory etc, and construct a closed-loop supply chain model to coordinate the decentralized closed-loop supply chain and the closed-loop supply chain model under disruption.Firstly, consider the stable environment without disruption. On the one hand, aiming at the obsolete products recycling by collection rate in the way of advertising, the paper construct a closed-loop supply chain pricing model of indifferential pricing, and analyze the "double marginalization" problem of the decentralized closed-loop supply chain, and then by designing two-part tariff contract, quantity discount contract and revenue-and-expense sharing contract, we achieve the coordination of decentralized closed-loop supply chain of indifferential pricing and improve the operating efficiency. On the other hand, aiming at the differential pricing between new products manufactured by the raw material and remanufactured products manufactured by the obsolete products, the paper construct a closed-loop supply chain pricing model of differential pricing with the Bertrand competition relation existing of two kinds of products, and analysis the "double marginalization" problem of decentralized closed-loop supply chain, and then by designing quantity discount contract and revenue-and-expense sharing contract, we achieve the coordination of decentralized closed-loop supply chain of differential pricing, and improve the operating efficiency. Secondly, we construct the contract coordination disruption management model of closed-loop supply chain of indifference pricing. Consider the biggest market demand disruption of the retailers’product market demand under emergence events, the paper construct an optimal decision model of centralized decision closed-loop supply chain of indifference pricing under disruptions, and then improve two-part tariff contract, quantity discount contract and revenue-and-expense sharing contract designed in the stable environment, so that they have emergency management capability, achieving the coordination of decentralized closed-loop supply chain of indifferential pricing under disruptions.At last, we construct the contract coordination disruption management model of closed-loop supply chain of differential pricing. Consider the biggest market demand disruption of the retailers’new product market demand and remanufactured products market demand, as well as the production cost disruption of the manufacturer’ new products and remanufactured products under emergence events. The paper construct an optimal decision model of centralized decision closed-loop supply chain of two kinds of indifferential pricing under disruptions, and then improve quantity discount contract and revenue-and-expense sharing contract designed in the stable environment, so that they have different emergency management capability, achieving the coordination of decentralized closed-loop supply chain of indifferential pricing under the market demand and production cost disruption.