"Three Animal Husbandry Problems" In The Development Of Land Resources - A Field Study On The Wood Township In Qingshan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Based on a pastoral area in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, this thesis discusses the issues of pastoral areas, nomadism, nomads caused by the nomadic production system crisis of land resources development. The materials obtained by field research and literature research. And the paper tries to analyze the "Sanmu" problem in the social transformation history of nomadic. That will be helpful to understand why "nomadic" mode continued, and also help to grasp the root of the current "Sanmu problem", and also help to the judgment of pastoral development situation. The basic views are, the nation power thought nomadic society as problem, and take sorts of ways to solve the problems, accompanied the national power deep into the nomadic society. The deepening of nation power destroyed the nomadic production system and the nomadic culture is facing the danger of disappearing, nomadic organization facing the danger of disintegration, nomadic technologies facing danger of cannot play its function. The process of nation power coping with "Sanmu problem" is also process of complicate the problems.In chapter two, I provide that the essence of "Sanmu problem" is the function problem of the nomadic production system, including nomadic technology, nomadic organization, and nomadic culture. The purpose of nomadic technology is to deal with the relationship between livestock, pasture and the population. Nomadic organization includes the nomadic tribes’organization and nomadic society organizations. The former based on genealogy, and can be divided by kinship. The later based on Long-term nomadic production activities. Nomadic culture includes the cultural of nomadic process and cultural of nomadic environment. The former is used to handle the relationship between the different nomadic pastoralist organizations for transition process, which used to maintain the nomadic transitions of normal activity. The latter is used to grasp the external environment, in order to maintain the nomadic herders’production activities and life. For early nomadic society, the nomadic tribes often affected by nomadic society politics, foreign trade and social organization internal contradictions.In chapter three, I analyze the impact of land resources development, which changed the material foundation of the nomadic culture, analyzes the impact of nation power deepening into nomadic area. Since Qing Dynasty, the government advanced immigration for the development of pastoral areas. However, after part of the pasture diverted, it will make the nomadic technology lose its’effect. So that the population and livestock concentrated in certain parts of pastures, and brings disorder to the Altai area. At the same time, the League Banner System (the Mengqi system) divided pastoral society into tiny force counties, which resulting in its ability to resist external aggression decreased, and therefore unable to cope with the pace of development of Russian immigrants push. Under the squeeze of Qing government and the Russian government, pastoral society showed confusion lasted until the beginning of the founding of PRC. From this point of view, the ways of the nation after the founding of new China is consistent with the Qing Dynasty.In chapter four, I provide the dilemma of development of nomadism under large scale of land development, and the response measures taken by the states and its negative consequences. Under the process of large scale of land development, nomadism faces the compression of the pasture, the contradiction between the farming and the nomadism, tension of water resources and straw resources after economical of massive agriculture. Unlike other areas of grassland contracting policy, since the reform of opening up, pasture use system of QinShan County is the team used pasture habits. Due to local natural environment, massive land resource development deteriorated the overall pastoral environment. However, the state policy sentenced it to livestock unbalance, and this becoming a key element in the construction of animal husbandry policy. For the purpose of paid subsidies to households, the pasture was contracted to households. Under the background of massive land development and market-oriented economy, pastoralists began predatory use of pasture, and the possibility of pasture developed into farmland and disorderly exploitation gradually increasing.In chapter five, I provide the internal and external crisis of nomadic culture under large scale of land development, and demonstrated its effect on nomad problem. The problems are the increasingly social risk caused by cooperative form changing of nomads, the disappearance of reciprocal relationship between nomads, and also the alienation of nomads, which caused by the transfer of labor force Rejecting nomadic production activities, and also the living difficulties after settlements. With massive land development, country-driven herdsmen settlement policy is also possible. Compared with previous studies, I emphasize the internal demand for settlement under sharp increase of population, which caused "involution" and the division of labor based development in the past. Involvement of national power has also changed intention brought by increase of population. However, in the context of massive land development, settlement village gradually invade into the spring and fall pastures. At the same time, traditional nomadic culture lacking farming culture and contradict with farming caused many problems on pastoralists into farming. Thus, most of settlers engaged in farming bear great pressure of life and production. Some settled pastoralists received stigma of "lazy" and "alcoholic". Some herders migrated to Kazakhstan continued chasing the legendary good pasture and some herders transferred to other sectors up, but they’ll never forgot the pasture.In the last chapter, the study has shown that massive scale of land development is the result of national development mode. Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the countries attach great importance to the economic growth; try to solve social problems through economic development. which cause the "Sanmu Problems", and so it is the same problems of the national development styles occurred in the nomadic areas. At the end, I discuss the circular of nomadic area development, and conclude the reason is that the violation of the nomadic production system, and outlines the possible solutions. Sustained and comprehensive development in pastoral areas needs the country fundamentally transforms development style, and transfer the function of the state to supervision and limitation of the markets’defects.