| Montesquieu said: "All powerful people is declined to abuse power, which is a permanent truth. They use power until being limited." This original political criminality is so universal that rulers in every dynasty of China, in order to protect their own interests, implemented power-supervise system to improve administrative efficiency and to prevent the produce of corruption. As a period from feudal autocratic society to modern society, The Mingguo of China firstly neglected feudalism and practiced capitalism in political system, which has the meaning of modern times. Supervise-system is one important part of political systems, being creative in the aspects of supervise-idea, supervise-ways, supervise-measure, and supervise-law. Although it's not probably for these systems to be entirely taken effect during the long turbulent days, there are still guiding function of reality for today's society to oppose corruption, to advocate honest, and to build a efficient government.Rightly based on such ideas, this essay try to combine and analyze overall supervise-system of The Mingguo of China (1912-1949) under the whole political system., from macroscopic to microcosmic. The article is divided into five charts. Chapter One is mainly about study trends, meanings, and some concepts related to supervise-system. The meaning of supervise is limited to the one pointed to administrative institution and it's employers, which has the most feature distinguished from others. Chapter Two mainly analyzes the theory sources of supervise-system of The Mingguo of China , including three aspects: West power-supervise system during modern times, Chinese power-supervise system during ancient times, and the changing of power-supervise system in Qing Dynasty. Chapter Three analyzes the power-supervise thoughts and practices of Zhongshan-Sun who was the constructor of The Mingguo of China . Because his thoughts experienced change and developing continually during a long period, I put the power-supervise system of Nanjing Government of The Mingguo of China , Guangzhou Government of The Mingguo of China , and Wuhan Government together with the power-supervise thoughts and practices of Zhongshan-Sun, which can make discussing more overall. Chapter Four analyzes power-supervise system of Beiyang Government. Since rulers had often replaced by another, and wars were often broken out, and a dethroned monarch had been restored, the power-supervise system of Beiyang Government is mainly concentrated during the year from 1912 to 1916. During this period, Yanshikai Government issued a lot of measures to restrict power of departments. Many of them were against the capital principle of three-power-separation, but some of them are also worth to study and to summarize deeply such as the building of Pinzheng-department to practice supervise-power and the constructing of official committee. Chapter Five mainly study supervise system of Nanjing Government, which is the most perfect system among supervise system of The Mingguo of China. It constructed a people government of fife-department according to the fife-power-principal of Zhongshan-Sun, which separated the supervise-power from others being implemented by supervise-department. During this period, Nanjing Government issued lots of laws and rules related to supervise, making the supervise-system to legislate. During the late period of The Mingguo of China, Kuomintang became more and more corrupt, which led the supervise-system to be uncontrolled and to be dead eventually, but those measures still have reference meanings for today's construction of cadres, and are worth to study deeply.Watching the whole history of supervise-system of The Mingguo of China, I think, it's failure is resulted from deeply rooted ideas of dictatorship, autocracy, and empire that brought about huge obstacles to modern democracy, even thought The Mingguo of China was surfacely built. The issuing and abolishing again of The Temporary Law, the repeat restoration of a dethroned monarch, and the dictatorship, and autocracy... |
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