A Study Of Crisscross Area Of Pastoralism And Agriculture In Ordos From The 18～(th) Century To Early 20～(th) Century

The study on Mongolian history of Qing dynasty and the regional history of modern Inner Mongolia has achieved great success. However academic have not paid enough attention to some fields such as regional history of Inner Mongolia and immigration that occurred from the 18~th century to early 20th century. It was very important period for Inner Mongolia that received immigrants from Chinese inland and consequently experienced dramatic social changes. Local Mongols and Han Chinese immigrants experienced conflicts, compromise and coexistence in their bilateral relationship in the region. The cultural interface resulted in a unique social configuration in Ordos, one of those areas that confronted the social process. This thesis discusses the process of Han Chinese immigration and reasons for social changes of Mongols, and process in which the Mongol society experienced historical transformation.Large groups of Chinese immigrated from Chinese inland to Inner Mongolia from 18th to early 20th century. Mongolian and Chinese conflicted and discriminated with each other for a long time at beginning. As time goes the two peoples gradually came to coexist. In this process Ordos area created its own unique social culture. It is significantly meaningful to study the history of immigration to uncover reasons for modern Mongolian social changes and the process of the changes.This thesis consists of preface, introduction, main body and conclusion. Preface explains the subject, its significance, scope of this thesis, research methods, current research results related to the subject and the historical data used in the thesis. Introduction discusses the natural environment and the development of pastoral nomadism and agriculture in history of Ordos.Chapter 1 talks about formation of crisscross area of pastoralism and agriculture Ordos, including the period Chinese immigrant immigrated into Ordos immigrant's adaptation to the environment, scale of immigration, settlement, economy and lifestyle, population of the immigrant, historical and geographic problems the immigration brought and the prohibition from Qing court. Chapter 2 studies in more details changes of social system in Ordos area. The author analyses administration and punishment of the cases between Mongolians and Chinese immigrant, origin and development of new systems such as Lishisiyuan, Zongjia, Paitou, Dagachin and Daraga etc. The author argues that the old system of Jalan Sum-in Janggi was replaced by new system of Dagachin and Daraga. Chapter 3 investigates land ownership, the focal point of the relationship between Chineseand Mongolians. This chapter makes clear the characters and changes of land ownership in crisscross area of pastoralism and agriculture. Under the traditional nomadic condition the land was owned by pubic. As a result of the immigration, the traditional public owned land was divided into small pieces. In this process Mongolians lost the ownership of their own land and Chinese immigrant got the permanent right to rent the land of Mongolians. However this process was not completed easily. Mongolians resisted strongly against Chinese to occupy their land. Chapter 4 discusses the social configurations of the crisscross area of pastoralism and agriculture. Based on records in the Mongolian archive, the author intensely examines the social problems such as the changes of customs and traditions of Ordos debt and poverty, disaster and relief etc. the author also puts forward his own points on economy culture and other social problems in the area. Conclusion is the theoretical part of the thesis. Using the theories and methods of social history, the conclusion introspects over the problem of immigration and social changes with criticism, pointing out some advantages and characters of crisscross area of pastoralism and agriculture of Ordos.For the firs time the thesis uses the unpublished original Mongolian archive of Ordos East Wing South Banner, Yihzhoo(usually called Jungar Banner). The archive is preserved in Inner Mongolia Archive. It has 94 volumes, 138 books, about 1,000,000 words. This thesis extracts about 40,000 words and quotes more than 130 paragraphs from the archive. Using the methods of social history, the thesis researches on the social changes of the crisscross area of pastoralism and agriculture of Ordos, with focus on Jungar Banner. "Crisscross area of pastoralism and agriculture" is a new perspective and a new method of research as well. The thesis attaches much importance on the changes of the society of Ordos area, which is always neglected in previous researches. Meanwhile, the author criticizes the long-time-discussed issues such as "assimilation" s "environmental deterioration", by explaining the characters of new regional social culture created by both Mongolian and Chinese.