Liaoning Summer Relations History

The history of the relationship between Liao and XIXIA is an important page in the history of the national relationship during the Song Dynasty. Based on the earlier scholars' work, this dissertation will discuss this topic on three perspectives.The first topic is relationship between The Liao Dynasty and Tangut lived in the territory of Liao. The Liao Dynasty held dominion over Tangut from the rule of Shulu to Taizu to Taizong, under two governing principles, that is, the institution of tribe and the institution of tributary. The word "Tangut" derivate from Khitans.The second topic is the development of the relation between Liao and XiXia. There are four subtopics in it. Part A: The relationship between Liao Dynasty and Dingnan Army. Liao Dynasty and Dingnan Army, the preexistence of XIXIA, were antagonistic, while at the same time, they imposed each other. Part B: Liao's diplomatic policy to XIXIA. Along with the change of Liao's diplomatic policy emphases, Liao's policy to XIXIA can sort into four stages, assisting XIXIA & suppressing Song, limiting XIXIA & fraternizing Song, helping XIXIA to sue Song for peace, allying XIXIA to eliminate Jin. Part C: The relationship between XILIAO and XIXIA. They are friendly in politics and mutual benefit in economic. Part D: the affection of the relationship between Liao and XIXIA on the east-west communication and trade. Seeking for the trade and politics benefits to his west neighbor countries has an important status in Liao's strategies to XIXIA.The third topic is Liao's frontier defense department and diplomatic policy to XIXIA. The record on Liao's frontier defense department to XIXIA in Liaoshi is not accurate. On base of the investigation on the concrete departments one by one, the dissertation preparatory outlines a complete form of Liao's defense system to XIXIA. The emissaries' come-and-go between Liao and XIXIA is frequent. Therefore, Liao Dynasty constituted an emissary system centralized with diplomatic rituals, which embodied their unequal political status.On the perspective of the nature of the relationship between Liao and XIXIA, the political pattern is not tripartite confrontation (Song, Liao and XIXIA) analogical with Three Kingdoms, but two power confrontation (Song and Liao) analogical with Southern and Northern Dynasties Period.