The Research On Gentlemen And Political Integration In Late Qing Dynasty Of China:Along The Path Of The Political Integration Mode Of Knowledge Trending To Power

The political integration is a foundation project for political development, but integration crisis and identity crisis are considered as the severe challenge in developing countries. How to promote the political integration is a key question for them to develop politics. From the view of historical materialism, an integration of a political pattern first determined by its characteristics; second a political integration mode that can gather political resources must be constructed furthest, as the change of political characteristics cannot bring political integration naturally. In turn, the change of political characteristics can embody the transform of political legality mode and the change of relations of country and society, which are the determining factors for how choosing political integration mode. Therefore, the assumption of theory in this paper is started with the political legality mode and the relations of country and society, which are constructed by political mode.In order to construct and proof that political integration theory is produced in the process of traditional political transferring to the modern one, this paper takes the Late of Qing Dynasty political as the research object, which has the vivid crisis and the transform characteristics. Through comparing unique functions, resources foundations, role changes of gentlemen when they dealt with different political crisis or strived for political integration, as well as comparing its political culture, and political system change, the author generalizes the unique mode of traditional political integration in China — knowledge trending to power systematically, analyses and concludes that political legality mode— the one that explains politics legality, and the relations of country and society — all of those are based on the relationship among government, gentlemen and people with gentlemen as intermediary, which is fully different from Western political background.The knowledge trending to power is the core concept, and it is atraditional political integration mode, which has been formed gradually since the imperial examination system established in Sui Tang. The political integration mode of knowledge trending to power is a system that includes the core idea (Confucian orthodoxy), the core knowledge (Confucianism classics), the core system (the imperial examination system) and the core community (gentlemen). Its functions in the traditional political integration in China were played like this: First, the traditional political legality mode in China was an explanation legality; Second, the relation of traditional royal government and society in China was set based on taking gentlemen as intermediary; Third, the disperser farmer economy was impossible to support the huge bureaucrat governing structure, which seriously restricted the integration power and governing power of the imperial court; Four, as the land annexation was very popular, the imperial power was continuously threaten by local powerful families. In other words, no matter constructing the construction legality origination to face the decentralized management, or eliminating the local threat, or seeping the imperial court influence strength into grassroots society, the imperial court needed underservant, who not only had the ability of theory illustration, social enlightenment, managing public affairs, but also had the ability to contend with local landowners. Gentlemen act as the best among the traditional China's various social strata, because they had learned Confucian orthodoxy, Ritual system, and knowledge, and they had the quality to burden above responsibilities. What's more, as they having no wealth source, their status was uncertainty, and they did not threaten the imperial court. Therefore, it becomes the choice for imperial court integrating society that by grasping classical knowledge and developing institution to dispose the public power to society naturally.Controlled by the path dependence, the knowledge trending to power mode has obvious characteristics of increasing return and the self-reinforcement, the leading political integration mode in Late Qing Dynasty still was knowledge trending to power. But the change of society had destroyed political ecology of the knowledge trending to power mode seriously. It performanced like these, the domestic troubles and foreigninvasions exhausted imperial court's integration resources, fluctuated the authority of traditional knowledge, initiated the traditional politics knowledge crisis, disintegrated the politics legality foundation, and impelled it to transform to valid political mode; At the same time, the authority of gentlemen who took the traditional knowledge as the stu had challenged by the emerging social stratum and missionary, the gentleman could not play the role of intermediary of imperial court and society as before. In particular, the knowledge trending to power mode has its own fatal weakness and the specific adaptation space, that was to say it tied up power and knowledge, which limited the powered knowledge scope enormously, strangled the intelligentsia's innovation, perhaps it could continue in the quite close political ecology, but Late Qing Dynasty had become potential of politics competition between China and Western. The knowledge crisis and the decline of the political mainstream and the intelligentsia's innovation indicated that the risk and the defeat of Late Qing Dynasty continuing to use the knowledge powered political integration mode.In the research path, this paper jumped out the traditional wealth — power determinism. Through the historical analysis, it proved that the close interaction relation of classical knowledge and power in traditional political life in China, and advanced the knowledge politics research depth. This one rout can be found in the books written by Marx Weber, Belington Mole, Scheler, Car A Wetter. Just like Weber said, the way that analyzed political power from economical power was a bit exaggerates, and it confused kinds of factors such as "economy" , "decided by economy " and "related to economy" . It will be helpful to transform the politics paradigm from the angle of knowledge to interpret politics, power.In the research methods, the author first focuses on discovering political questions from history, and then estimate political from historical angle in a rational way; however, it is not a paper of historical study, in the study arrangement, it is not " historical — history ", nor " politics — politics ", "politics — history — politics " instead. That is to say, the author first make a politicaltheoretical assumption, then analyze and validate the assumption theory from historical facts; Finally, conclude the power disposition theory and the political integration mode which has the general significance through analyzing and synthesizing theory and experience. Since it is not a historical study paper, it does not pay attention to the recent historical data excavation or the textual research. It stresses on using the politics theory to comb known historical data, and tries to realize the unification of speculation and validation.Its core viewpoint is: The political integration mode must be based on the political legality mode and the relation of country and society, as the political legality mode and the transform of the relation mode of country and society have the control function on constructing or choosing the political integration mode, which is the inherent laws in politics integration advancement for developing countries to follow. Just like the history promulgates, that the political integration mode of knowledge trending to power matches with explanation politics legality, as well as the relation mode of imperial court and society the pattern taking gentlemen as intermediary. In this specific political ecology, the knowledge authority integration mode effectively mobilized government and people's each kind of resources, successfully solved to various kinds of traditional crisis. But with the close political environment being broken, the neterogeny crisis come out, the original political legality mode, the relation mode of imperial court and society all faced the transform pressure, and the political integration mode of knowledge trending to power also walked to the end.