The Research Of Pronouns Of Shandong Dialect During Ming And Qing Periods

Based on the diachronic and synchronic contrast as well as quantitative statistics, this dissertation is dedicated to present a description and analysis to the pronouns of Shandong dialect during Ming and Qing periods with the language material from the metric Jin Ping Mei, Marriage Destines to Awaken the World, and the Popular Music Collection of the Make-do Studio written in Shandong vernaculars. Therefore, this thesis tries to reveal the basic features and seek the law of the development of the pronouns of Shandong dialect during this period. Apart from the Conclusion, this paper is composed of four chapters.Chapter I : an introduction to the research. This chapter has four parts. The first part is the definition and classification of pronoun. This part introduces the different names, definitions of pronoun on the history of Chinese grammar, and the views on pronoun such as independence, notional word or function word, and internal classification on educational circles of grammar. The second part is the purpose and significance of the research. The necessity, feasibility and significance of the study on the pronouns of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing dynasties are explained from three respects. The third part is the research methods. In order to describe and analyze the pronouns of the dialect in Ming and Qing dynasties ail-roundly, systematically and thoroughly, this thesis mainly uses the following methods: the research of special book, comparative methods, description on material, analysis on special theme, infrastructure of theory, and so on. The fourth part is the achievements of the research. This part points out that the achievements can be summed up three points: describe and analyze the pronouns of the dialect in Ming and Qing dynasties ail-roundly, systematically and thoroughly; probe the law of development of pronoun; investigate the development of the pronouns in the background of the social history.Chapter II: the personal pronouns. The personal pronouns include the first personal pronouns, the second personal pronouns, the third personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns and general pronouns. Some of them are used in the special context. These personal pronouns cannot reflect the real situation. They are kept in literature as vestige of history. Some personal pronouns appear in the modern Chinese. For example, the first personal pronouns Zan(咱)and An(俺).The formation of these pronouns is interrelated with the special social environment at that time. Besides, the uses of the personal pronouns link with pragmatics and context. Therefore, this chapter investigates the development of the personal pronouns in the background characteristic of times and gives a description and an analysis of the development of the pronouns from different aspects, such as language contact, pragmatics and context. There are thirteen parts in this chapter, in turns they are: basic usages of personal pronouns; combination titles of personal pronouns; abstract reference of personal pronouns; general reference of personal pronouns; changing the usages of personal pronouns; the source of the first personal pronoun An(俺);the source of the second personal pronoun Nin(您//恁);inclusive and exclusive modes of the first personal pronouns of Chinese; language contact and plural suffix Men (们);meanings and usages of plural suffix Men (们). Also, the reflexive pronouns, general pronouns and some other personal pronouns will be discussed in this chapter.Chapter III: demonstrative pronouns. The demonstrative pronouns of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing dynasties appear out the complicated diversified situation. They can be divided into as the following: the demonstrative pronouns which are left from ancient Chinese, the demonstrative pronouns which form in modern Chinese, the demonstrative pronoun Nie(乜) and its compound forms, demonstrative pronouns referring to or replacing other people or things and demonstrative pronouns referring to or replacing all of people or things in a certain scope. Among all the demonstrative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns Zhe(这)and Na(那) and their compound forms are the most active members. In the concrete context and sentence structures, the development of Zhe(这)and Na(那) and their compound forms unfold fully. For example, on the foundation of demonstrative and deictic usages Zhe(这)and Na(那) develop the new usages--the definite article and conjunction. Thus, this chapter probes into the basic usages and development of demonstrative pronouns in the concrete discourse and sentence structure. There are thirteen parts in this chapter: demonstrative usage and function expansion of Zhe (这)) and Na (那);analysis of Zhe /Na (这/那) in the pattern "attribute+(De'的')+ Zhe/Na (这/那)+key word" ; reanalyzing the function of demonstrative pronouns Zhe(这) and Na(那) in the pattern "Zhe/Na(这/那)+proper name"; deictic usages and conjunctionlization of demonstrative pronouns Zhe INa (这/那) and Zhe 'me/ Na 'me (这么/那么);special place in a sentence and its function of demonstrative pronoun anaphora; deictic usage of location of Zhe (这)and Na (那); other usages of Zhe (这)and Na(那); Zhe/Na(这/那) and time word Zao 'wan(早晚);demonstrative pronouns and phrases of location; adverbial and demonstrative pronouns and phrases; demonstrative pronoun Nie(乜) and its compound forms; demonstrative pronouns referring to or replacing other people or things and demonstrative pronouns referring to or replacing all of people or things in a certain scope; other demonstrative pronouns.ChapterIV: the interrogative pronouns. The interrogative pronouns of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing dynasties include two kinds. One kind is left from the ancient Chinese. The other kind comes into being in modern Chinese.These interrogative pronouns, on one hand, are coexisted.On the other hand, they have the difference on the sides of epoch and region. After the selection of later period of modern Chinese, some of them become the vestige of history; some of them continue to be used now. This chapter gives a description and analysis of all the interrogative pronouns of Shandong dialect in Ming and Qing dynasties one by one. This chapter contains thirteen parts: interrogative pronoun Who(谁);interrogative pronouns Shen 'me, Shen,Shen 'de and Me(什/甚么,甚,甚的,么);the syntactic and semantic analysis of the negative usage of interrogative pronoun Shen 'me(什么);interrogative pronoun Sha(嗄/煞);interrogative pronouns Na(那) and Na'li(那里); the similarities and differences of Who(谁) ,Which(Person)(那个人) and What Person(什么人);interrogative pronouns of Zen(怎) family; reduced sentence of two or more clauses including an interrogative pronoun of Zen (怎) family; interrogative pronouns Duo'shao(多少) and Duo (多);interrogative pronouns Duo'zao'wan(多早晚), Duo'zan(多咱) and Duo 'zan Van(多咱晚);interrogative pronoun Ji(几) and its compound forms; interrogative pronoun He(何) and its compound forms. Furthermore, it also contains overlapping of pronouns and the simultaneous usage of pronouns of same meaning.The last section: conclusion. This section presents a further generalization of the main discoveries of the Shandong dialectical pronoun system research as its complexity, regionalism, the co-competition and restriction, the development and the close relationship with the social language circumstances, etc.