The Village Governance Under The Background Of Land Circulation

As a rural basic economic system, land system is the base of the rural social organization and the management system. The existing relationships, namely peasants and the collective, peasants and government, rural social organizations and management system, to a large extent, are established on the base of the rural land ownership. Historically, every round of land distribution and every major change in the property ownership would invariably bring changes in the rural social structure and the system of organization and management.Based on the case study of Zhenhai, Ningbo, Zhejiang province, this paper explores the correlation between the land circulation and village governance, and holds that the land circulation has cast far-reaching influence on the economic structure, social structure, organizational system, service system, social stability, and other aspects of the rural communities, and traditional rural communities are becoming increasingly diverse and open. Correspondently, the rural governance model changed from the villager self-government to the community autonomy.Chapter one provides the generalization and analysis of the policies and practices of the land circulation, and holds that after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, the direction of the reform and development of China's rural land system was to increasingly expand, strengthen and stabilize the peasants' land rights, and land policy mainly focused on the stability of household contract responsibility system, and gradually allowed the land circulation. Especially after the Third Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the CPC, the land circulation was protected and expanded quickly and widely.Chapter two studies the land circulation and the change of the economic structure of the community. This part emphasizes on the influence of the land circulation to the technology structure, employment structure, industry structure, distribution structure of the community, and holds that the land circulation promoted the scaled management of the land, and improved the level of agricultural modernization. Besides, the structure of the rural workforce has undergone great changes and the industry structure is gradually optimized. In this process, the collective economy got rapid development, and the peasants' income increased.Chapter three studies the land circulation and the transformation of social structure of the community. Land circulation and workforce mobility make the relatively closed traditional urban-rural dual society switch to urban-rural integration. Under the drive of economic reform and the change of economic structure, the social structure of the rural community has undergone major bettering in the structure of employment, urban-rural structure, class structure, and other sub-structures.Chapter four analyzes the land circulation and community organizational system. To meet the need of the management reform of rural communities, Zhenhai put the construction of an organizational network with the characteristics of rural communities as a key entry point, and set up a new integrative social structure based on the traditional "troika". The emergence of the newly-found organization and private entrepreneurs adds some new variables to the village governance, and changes the power structure of the community.Chapter five studies the land circulation and community service system. The implementation of the reform of rural community-based management in Zhenhai shows that through this community platform, effective connection and benign interaction could be found in the national public service and community self-service, state administration and the peasants' self-management, and through the rational delineation of community scale, the construction of service platforms, social workers, and service mechanism, the "trinity" service system was established, namely, the government's public service, community self-help and mutual-aid service, volunteer service, and market-oriented commercial service, to achieve full service coverage in rural communities. In practice, Zhenhai creatively set up the "81890" style service model and the government purchasing of home-based care service model, and preliminarily formed the new model of cooperative public service which was supported by the government, run by the community with social participation, and demand-oriented.Chapter six studies the impact of the land circulation on the social stability of the community. The findings show that, in the process of the land circulation, the conflicts of interest were intensified and cases of dispute increased, which brought a negative impact to the stability of society. This phenomenon is mainly due to the fact that there are no definite land rules, or that the rules are constantly selectively implemented. Therefore, we must be highly vigilant about the conducts being potentially damage to the interests of peasants.Chapter seven analyzes the land circulation and village governance mechanism. This part presents the following three aspects: first, the land system, the property rights movement and mechanism of village governance changes are interpreted. Second, it is found that the land circulation and population mobility brought great changes to the geographic boundaries, population boundaries, property boundaries, organizational boundaries of the villages, and a conflicting and co-existing relationship was found between the openness of the economic borders and the closure of the social borders. Third, the relationship between the state and the peasants is inspected and the political nature of the rural land is revealed in the perspective of the historical changes of the land system under the leadership of the Communist Party, especially the changes and adjustment of the ownership and management rights of the land.Finally, this dissertation concludes that with the increased population mobility, the village self-governance based on the collective land ownership and household registration can not meet the democratic aspirations and the needs of the residents. Thus, a more inclusive and open village governance model needs to be constructed badly. As a possible future new form of village governance, the residents' autonomy of the rural communities is a kind of inheriting and development of the old model, and serves as the platform and carrier of the integration of the rural society by the state power. To promote village governance from the village self-governance to residents' autonomy smoothly, we should respect people's own needs and bring the peasants main body effect into play, and try to give farmers the full land ownership, accelerate the construction of the rural community service system, and disconnect the villagers' committee and the village economic cooperative.