Institution Building. ÁÐÄþËÕά°£ Ideological Research

Russian socialism was built in a culturally and economically backward country.It was the point of dispute of many Marxists whether socialist construction couldsucceed or not and how achieved it in lagging Russia. Lenin did not rigidly adhere tothe principles of his predecessors, but come up with a principle idea of socialistconstruction in backward countries from the perspective of renewed social practice,that is, appoint conditions for the realization of socialism by developing theproductive forces on the premise of the seizure of political power by the proletariatfirst. This particularity of socialist construction in backward countries determined thevital role of political power society development. Political power not only steered inthe direction of national development in socialism, but also tried to explore the bestways and means of economic and cultural development. Therefore, a country'soperation mode, status and effects of political power have a decisive influence on theprocess of socialist development. Lenin's thought of the Soviet system constructionwas an exploration for construction of Soviet Russian socialist state power on thebasis of inheritance and absorption of Marx'and Engels'theory of the political systemin the future society and their experience in power construction of the Paris Commune.At first glance, this idea was an archaic historical topic. But in fact it was closelyrelated to the practical problems of the contemporary socialist national politicalreform. Today we studied this historical problem, to re-consider the problems Leninhad raised, solved and left, form a perspective of modern social development, that wemight conceive some principles and methods that were still meaningful till today.This paper discussed Lenin's thought of the Soviet system construction, heldintegrative vision on Lenin's exploration for the construction of socialist state powerin backward countries, which demonstrated the practical value and significance ofLenin's thought of the political power construction. Overall, this paper exploredgradually three interrelated major issues: (1)formation and development of Lenin'sthought of the Soviet system construction; (2)content of Lenin's thought of the Sovietsystem construction;(3)practical significance of Lenin's thought of the Soviet systemconstruction.Lenin's thought of the Soviet system construction rooted in a specifichalf-civilized and half-backward society on the background of early 20th century, anddeveloped in the roundabout historical progress socialist contraction. The complexhistorical background determined that Lenin must experience a hard way for theSoviet system construction. Generally speaking, Lenin's thought of the Soviet systemconstruction went through four stages for formation and development: theoryassumption, institution initiation, understanding adjustment and institution reform.Before the October Revolution, Lenin's original assumption fully inherited Marx'andEngels'idea about future social political system and the practical experience of directdemocracy in the Paris commune, and considered Soviet as a carrier of new democracy system different from capitalist parliamentarism, and devoted greatsignificance to it. After the victory of the October Revolution, Lenin's Soviet idea wasfrom theory to practice, and the characteristic System Construction course was openedin Russian history which basic principle was self-autonomy. In this period, Lenintended to carry out the ideal form of direct democracy in one fell swoop, lack ofconsideration of the actual situation in Russia. After the outbreak of the civil war,under the economic and cultural backwardness in Soviet Russia and the pressure ofwar, Lenin gradually adjusted his thought of the Soviet system, and strengthened thehighly centralized operation model of the system. The Soviet system construction hastraveled a tortuous detour.When the domestic situation was improved, theshortcomings of the highly centralized political system were beginning to show,which caused Lenin's concerns. In order to rectify the abnormal Soviet system, Lenincarried out a series of attempt about system reform and reconstruction to make greatefforts to return the power to the Soviet and the people in his last days, trying toestablish a new democracy development mode of socialism with combination ofindirect democracy and direct democracy realized by the party's leadership andsupervision of the people. Unfortunately, the deterioration of Lenin's healthinterrupted the history of the Soviet system reform process. Even so, Lenin still left inthe short-term practice of the institution practice a huge theoretical wealth.Lenin's thought of the Soviet system construction represented the rich profoundidea of the backward socialism political power construction. Its central theme was thatit inquired about the special path and rules of the development on democracycreatively in the backwardness country with the Marxism basic principles. Lenin putforward all sorts of proposals and carried on the exploration from many aspects aboutthis topic. The first, it was the understanding of the connotation of the Soviet system.In the Lenin thought, Soviet is by no means a purely legislative body, but it condensesthe Lenin politics ideal of the new model of democracy with rich meaning and deepimplication. In his view, the Soviet system is not only a special kind of representativesof the public system, it is also a new national system of governance, and an effectivesocial management system, and more it is a new type of national system. The second,it was the awareness of the construction of state organs. Lenin regarded the oppositionof bureaucracy as the theme of reform of the state organs, and thought that theemergency of bureaucracy was relate to the person's style of thinking, but to thedefects of the system construction, and advocated reforming Soviet organs from bothinstitutional and cultural construction. The third, it was the understanding of therelationship between Party and Government. This was a top priority for Lenin'sthought of the Soviet system construction. He proposed basic principles of therelationship between party and Government for the proletarian political parties, whichwere about the core issue of how to combine and how to divide out Soviet and Party.The fourth, it was the awareness relationship of inter-party. Lenin argued for amulti-party coalition government with qualifications from the system strategy of the consolidated alliance of workers and peasants and the maintenance Soviet power intransitional period. For the opposition parties outside the regime, Lenin concludedthat whether they can exist legally depends on the attitude towards the Soviet regime.The fifth, it is the awareness of structure of state. Lenin experienced the ideologicaltransformation from opposing federalism and advocating unitary to the affirmationand implementation of federalism. But he looked federalism as an important way tosolve national question and the transition toward a unitary state, and thus became thetheory of state structures with Russian characteristics.Throughout the formation process and the main content of Lenin's thought of theSoviet system construction, can we felt the creative exploration on the question ofwhat sincerely socialism is and how to construct socialism for the proletariat partywhich Lenin led in backward Russia. As the first great attempt in Socialistconstruction, Lenin's pioneering research on the Soviet system not only has greattheoretical value but has far-reaching practical significance. Theoretically, it deepenedthe understanding of socialist polity which opened a new prospect to Marxist politicaldoctrine; explored the law of democracy system construction of the people's regime inSoviet Russia which provided precious experience for socialist political constructionof backward countries; created the new pattern of democracy different fromparliamentarism which devoted a lot to the improvement of human politicalcivilization. In practice, it established the overall framework of the new politicalsystem which provided a fundamental System guarantee for Russian economic andsocial development; switch on the prologue of new democracy construction whichPointed out a new development path for Russia's political modernization; led thedevelopment of the world socialist movement which provided the practical referencefor the construction of the subsequent people's democratic state power.However, Lenin's thinking on the Soviet system was not put into use in practicecompletely, but was gradually deviated and abandoned by later generation, which ledthe new democratic system in which people were the masters to become the highlycentralized model, and ultimately head for the abyss of death step by step. The reasonwas complicated. It was both historical and practical factors, both environmental andinstitutional factors, both concrete practical factors and theoretical factors itself. All inall, these factors can be summed up as three drawbacks of Lenin's thought of theSoviet system construction in Russia particular national conditions. The drawbackswere as follows: be never able to solve the difference between theory and practice ofthe Soviet system, be never able to deal with the contradiction between thesophistication of Soviet system and the backwardness of the situation in state, and benever able to plan the relations between the democratic form and essential content ofthe Soviet system as a whole. The historical drawbacks made Soviet system encounterthe system shackles and the dysfunction in practice, and sheered off Lenin's thought.The descendant's deviation from Lenin's thought further led difficulties in the way ofthe Russian Socialist democratic construction. Although the Soviet system finally failed, we can't negative the significance ofLenin's thought of the Soviet system construction. Lenin's thought on the Sovietsystem can be divided into different parts, including not only the concrete measurestaken according to the special circumstance of that time, but also the basic principleestablished for solving vital issues. It seemed now that most of the measures takenduring that time have lost the significance, but the principle still exerted itssignificance. These principles and ideas have the important reference value for today'sRussian democracy system construction and the socialist political system withChinese characteristics. Russian present political system was established on the basisof imitating the western democratic model. After 20 years development, the politicalsystem was still not perfect. The nation's political life was still "strong countries-theweak society". The current Russian democracy system construction not only neededto learn from western civilization achievements, but also absorbed their own historicalscientific, advanced and useful excellent results, so can make an achievement withethnic characteristics. Lenin's idea and practice on the Soviet system was indelibleimprint, including much of advanced and reasonable ideas, such as the enlightenmentto Russian Duma of the people's sovereignty idea; the enlightenment to Russianadministration system of anti-bureaucratism; the enlightenment to cultivating citizenculture of culture construction idea. In addition to the significance of reference toRussia, Lenin's thought of the Soviet system construction reflected the special patternof the establishment of socialist country with undeveloped economy and culture, sobring more enlightenment value for socialist China country. In China, the politicalsystem has come to vital moment of the reform. Lenin's reform idea to the Sovietsystem brought the significant experience for our political system reform, especiallyhow to correctly handle the relationship between party and government, fulfilldemocratic centralism and convene citizens to participate in the country management ,to prevent power extra centralization, bureaucracy and privileges of corruption andstrengthen democratic establishment of grass-roots.On Lenin's way to explore the method of socialist regime construction, he putforward many problems and solved many problems, also left a lot of questions. It wasnot only to simply make use of Lenin's thought, but also not mechanically appliedLenin's idea to solve realistic problem in the practice of the reform that we studiedLenin's thought of the Soviet system construction and explored the theory value andpractical significance today. We should absorb the essence of Lenin's thought under thenew era background and state condition, and develop new road for reformingdemocratic system in practice.