| Northwest China is one of the serious places with soil erosion and desertification, a typical place with environment deficit and economic recession, where farmers' income remains at a low level due to economic draggling in rural area. Being unreasonable reclamation and deforestation with neglect of rehabilitation for a long time, vegetation is widely destroyed so that results in frequently natural disasters and prevents social progress and economy development in Northwest China, also in Middle and East China. It is an urgent task to improve ecological environment by way of returning farmland to forestry or pasture (RFFP) in Northwest China. Simultaneously, increasingly irrational situations come up in the rural area, such as economic stagnation, earnings increased slowly, and quality of farm products difficult to meet market needs, thus it is necessary to readjust agricultural structure and rural economic structure.To achieve social overall development in Northwest China, it is a significant study to accomplish the project of RFFP as well as to make a breakthrough on regulation of agriculture structure and rural economic structure, to harmonize relations between RFFP and regulation of, to advance ecological environments and improve rural economic development in Northwest China. The article drew conclusions and obtained useful fruits on RFFP and regulation of agriculture structure in Northwest China, as follows: Based on analysis of situations of returned slope farmland and desertification land present, the study defined ranges of returning farmland to forest as well as that of returning farmland to grassland, what contributes guidance to carrying out the project of RFFP in Northwest China. Based on analysis of agriculture structure and rural economic structure, and the research put forward strategies for structure regulation on planting, forestry, stockbreeding and rural economy. Through above study, the study brought forward technique safeguards systems on the project of RFFP and applicable technique systems on regulation of agriculture structure at the new time in Northwest China, which make research rich andmake theory perfect; furthermore it is more practical on RFFP and regulation of agriculture structure.In Northwest China, returned slope farmland and returned desertification land involved 2,767,000 hm2, which is 17.1% of farmland there. Returned slope farmland is mostly in Shaanxi and Gansu, which is about 61.3% of returned farmland and Shaanxi reaches 73.0%. Returned desertification land mainly distributes in Xinjiang and Ningxia, which is 38.7% of retimed farmland and Xinjiang reaches 80.3%. The area of RFTFOP concerning farmland with flat gradient below 25 for terrace is 5,275,000 hm2, which is 47.7% of farmland in the Northwest of China, and 33.3% in Shaanxi, 55.4% in Gansu.Precipitation of 500mm per year is boundary for RFTFOP in Northwest China. The farmland where precipitation is more than 500mm, or between 400-500mm, or below 400mm, correspondingly, is returned to forestry, to shrubbery and to pasture. Under instruction of Miyawakis Theory, the vegetation for reoccupying must be mixing vegetation of arbor, shrubbery, and pasture in Northwest China. It is in Shaanxi that the majority area for returning farmland to forestry. Regulation of forestry structure emphasizes on forestry protection for environment, with selecting suitable tree seedling and grass seeds, and forming views of plant community to avoid single species of tree seedling and grass seeds. Forestry protection for environment should not be below 60%, and economic forestry no more than 20%.In Northwest China, regulation of agriculture structure contains the regulation of Sic-tech, market and advantage resources and coordinates the relationship of ecological, economic and social benefits in Northwest China. On the issue of foodstuff, targets aim to stabilize gross output and guarantee fine-quality and fulfill that per capita foodstuff is 300kg what can maintain the previous level. To abolish conventional ideas that f...
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