.20 In The 1920s Civil Diplomatic Concepts And Their Practical Activities

Take the diplomatic activities of non-governmental organizations and public opinion as the basis, the dissertation will reveal the developmental state of the people's diplomacy in the 1920s. Firstly, after simple retrospection of the history of the rising of the people's diplomacy from the Opium War to the May 5th Movement, I examines the history of the All-China National Diplomatic Meeting, the first non-governmental diplomatic organization.The history includes its establishment, development and adjournment, as well as its members' psychology from expectation to disappointment. Then I discusses the change of attitude of the countrymen in the movement of calling back the leased territory of Lushun and Dalian. No sooner had the movement begun the countrymen declared that the target of breaking off economic relations with Japan was the Japanese Government which carried out aggressive policy, hoping Japanese people urging their government to improve the relations between China and Japan. When the Northeast Earthquake took place in Japan, the countrymen provided actively economic aid, showing of sincere friendship of the Chinese people to the Japanese people. Secondly, I will take the public opinion of Peking and Shanghai around the May 30th Movement as the center, compare views on the negotiation of the May 30th Massacre, "abrogating treaties" and "revising treaties" among the people of all ranks and classes, reveal the trend of "anti-imperialism and abrogating treaties" becoming the main opinion, and discuss their influence to the foreign negotiation of the Peking government. Thirdly, I will expound the idea and practical features of the people's revolutionary diplomacy during the period of the Northern Expedition and after the Jinan Massacre. During the period of the Northern Expedition, the countrymen excised the idea of abrogating unequal treaties by revolutionary means, which on the one hand impelled regaining the British concession of Hankou and Jiujiang, but on the other hand brought about some extreme activities. They damaged the life and property of a few foreign residents and missionaries, and caused passivity to the diplomacy of the Wuhan National Government to a certain degree. After the establishment of the Nanking National Government, the idea of the people's revolutionary diplomacy was developed. Its prominent sign was that after the Jinan Massacre, the mass actively launched anti-Japan movement, set up the All-China Anti-Japan Society, required the Nanking Government taking "the Revolutionary Diplomacy" as the foreign policy, recovering the mass movement, fairly solved the Jinan Massacre as well as abolishing unequal treaties between China and Japan. Fourthly, I will focus on the diplomatic visiting of the Chinese people in the 1920s. I mainly study the circumstances of the Chinese industrialist and businessmen delegation visiting Japan in 1926, of the countrymen taking part in the Asia National Meeting and the Institute of Pacific Relations. For example, they had a verbal battle with foreigners, propaganda the proposals of abrogating unequal treaties and realizing the China's independent and liberation, conveyed good intentions promoting the friendship between the Chinese people and foreigners, etc.Generally speaking, the Chinese people paid close attention to diplomacy and activly participated diplomacy in the 1920s. They had made a remarkalbe achievement. For example, they impelled not only the Wuhan government regaining the British concession of Hankou and Jiujiang but also the big powers revising the unequal treaties on the premise of giving up few privileges. However, the fundamental target of abrogating unequal treaties and realizing theChina's independent was not realized. The proper demands of solving the May 30th Massacre and the Jinan Massacre were not satisfied. There were three reasons. First, the big powers carried out the power politics and were unwilling to give up the privileges and interests in China. Second, the Peking government and the Nanking Government did not dare t...