| Since the western theories on political culture spread into China in the 1980s, the studies of political culture have been on the rise. Development is one of the themes of contemporary China. Both the theoretical research of political culture and the studies of Chinese traditional political culture and western political culture are dedicated to the promotion of the development of contemporary political culture in China.1The development of contemporary political culture in China is in the environment of globalization. Economic globalization is a dynamical system, which pushes contemporary political culture in China to develop in an all-round way. The globalization of market economy and the gradually setting-up and constantly perfecting of market-economy system of China provide the material basis for the development of contemporary political culture in China. The inner requirement of democracy and rule by law needed by market economy is a strong force to push the development of political culture in contemporary China.The economic globalization has promoted the political multipolarity of the world. The political multipolarity is helpful to the establishment of a new equitable and reasonable order of international culture, the creation of a peaceful and steady international environment for the development of political culture in China, the promotion of China's political culture going to the world outside of China, the expansion of its influence in the world, and the talk and exchange in the field of political culture, which can not only keep Chinese characteristics of the political culture development, but keep unanimity with the trend of the world political civilization development as well.Against the background of the economic globalization, the trend of unifying the diversity and the globalization in the culture development comes into being. That trend requires us notonly to keep the national characteristics of the culture development, but also to make our culture globalized, and requires us to be against both the narrow cultural nationalism and the national cultural nihilism.The economic globalization has also brought high pressure to the political culture development in China. The economic development and the economic security of China are challenged, which has influenced the economic basis of the political culture development in contemporary China. The western democratization tide in globalization is greatly influencing the socialist nature of the political culture development in China, and bringing great pressure to the gradual-development model of the political culture development in contemporary China. Relying on their economic advantages, the developed western countries pursue cultural hegemonism, which seriously interferes with the independent development of the political culture in China.In the face of the motive force and the pressure brought us by the economic globalization, we should adhere to the principle of independence and participate actively in the globalization. We should adhere to the national entity in political culture development and respect the national entity of the countries all over the world at the same time. We should adhere to the socialist value orientation in the political culture development in China, make full use of the value of Chinese traditional political culture, absorb and draw lessons from the outstanding achievements of mankind in political culture development, and make the political culture in contemporary China play its important role against the background of the globalization.2The development outlook is a primary problem that must be solved in the study of the political culture development in contemporary China. In the course of contemporary Chinese political culture development, two development outlooks have the most negative influence; one is new cultural conservatism, and the other is the all-round westernization.The outlook of new cultural conservatism in political culture development is an ideological trend in China in the 1990s. It attempts to replace the guidance status of Marxism with new Confucianism in the political culture development in contemporary China. It belittles China's fine political culture tradition and spirit on purpose, denies all the previousChinese people's revolutions since modem times, holds the view that people's revolutions against imperialist and feudalism have hindered the progressive process of modernization of China. It attempts to replace the outstanding political culture value with the old backward political culture value. So, it must bring a great negative influence to the political culture development.The outlook of all-round westernization in political culture development maintains that the political culture in contemporary China should be westernized totally. It attempts to replace the Marxist guidance position with western political culture. This outlook endangers the development of the political culture in contemporary China enormously. It may result in the national entity forfeiture in the political culture development, the change of the socialist nature of the political culture development, and the loss of the sovereignty of the political culture development in China.So, we must establish a scientific outlook on political culture development. First of all, we should establish advanced outlook on the political culture development, adhere to Marxist's guidance and the socialist value orientation, insist on the direction of serving the people and serving socialist modernization, and the direction of democratization and rule by law in the political culture development. Secondly, we should establish the outlook of rational cultural nationalism on political culture development. We should insist on the unification of the nationalism and the globalism in the political culture development, and object to narrow cultural nationalism and the ideological trend of all-round Westernization as well. Thirdly, we should establish a new "value-tool" outlook on the political culture development and deal with the relations between "value" and "tool" rightly. The socialist political culture must be the "value" of the political culture development in contemporary China, and all the resources that can promote the socialist political culture should be regarded as the "tool". Fourthly, we should establish a practice outlook on political culture development. The political culture development in contemporary China must start off with the existing conditions. The practice outlook should be introduced into the political culture development and then should be put forward step by step. The purpose of practice is to protect and realize the rights of the subjects. We should pay attention to the extension of subjects and can't neglect or cancel the democratic rights of any legal subject, we should payattention to the requirements of the practice content at different levels, and we should choose different content and form of practice according to the quality and the demand of the subjects at different levels to improve the purposeful and effective of practice.3Secularization is a yardstick of political culture development. The social basis of the secularization of political culture has appeared in contemporary China. In the secularization trend, we can concretely categorize the value goal of the political culture development of contemporary China into three types: productivity-oriented political culture, democracy-oriented political culture and rule-by-law-oriented political culture.The productivity-oriented political emphasizes that "liberating and developing productivity" is the greatest politics in China, and emphasizes the value of " sharing the achievements of productivity development". This culture mainly includes: the correct cognition about the great value of developing the productivity in the realization of communism, in the development of socialist, and in the consolidation of the ruling status of the ruling party; the establishment of the scientific outlook on overall, coordinate and sustainable development; and the general approval of liberating and developing the productivity. The development of contemporary productivity-oriented political culture should adhere to the following principles: promoting people's overall development, respecting the masses' initiative spirits, protecting and guiding material benefits, and harmonious social development.To be adapted to the tide of global democratization, we should develop democracy-oriented political culture with Chinese characteristics. The culture mainly includes three aspects. Firstly, we should have overall cognition about the content of socialist democracy. Socialist democracy is an entity of purpose and means, an entity of the democracy in both national form and non-national form. The construction of contemporary Chinese democratic politics covers both the macro-fields and the in micro-fields. Secondly, we should have right cognition about socialist democratic reality. The form of realizing democracy is rational and is a sure step toward the ideal of socialist democracy. We should further perfect the form and the way of realizing socialist democracy. Thirdly, we should have overall cognition about the value of socialist democracy. China's socialist democracyhas the value of generally approved homogeneity nature, such as liberty, equality, human rights and rule by law, and can promote the development and the realization of these values in China. It still has other values such as order, efficiency, dictatorship, centralized, the democratization of international relations and so on, which can promote the development of both contemporary China and Chinese people. The main tasks of developing democracy-oriented political culture in contemporary China are as follows: passing on scientific and cultural knowledge to improve people's democratic cultural qualities; carrying on the education on right consciousness, realistic democratic outlook and subject consciousness to improve democratic psychological qualities of the public; strengthening the training of democratic techniques; training the ability of the public to participate independently in orderly politics and training the public the autonomy ability and democratic management ability at the basic level.To be adapted to the strategy of rule by law and the requirement of globalization, we should develop rule-by-law-oriented political culture. Its contents are as follows: Firstly, the jurisprudence standard to the approval of political authority. Legal procedures must be regarded as the source of political powers, rationalization must be regarded as the basic demand in the making of policies, and contractualization must be regarded as the basic principle in dealing with the relations between people and officers. Secondly, the rule-by-law principle in political operation. The political subjects should establish the value guideline that the sovereignty belongs to the people. The power distribution should follow the principle of separation and balancing. The operation of political powers should follow the principle of legalization, and the party should abide by the law. Thirdly, the right requirements of political thinking. People's rights are equal, rights determine obligations, rights are above powers, and individual rights are basic to collective rights. The main tasks of developing rule-by-law-oriented political culture include: Firstly, to establish the foundation for rule by law, the idea that" Everyone is equal in the face of law " should be used as a guideline in the making of law. Secondly, carry on legal enlightenment education for the masses to improve their legal qualities. Thirdly, promote the formation of rule-by-law political order. Cultivate the psychological foundation for the formation of rule-by-law political order, give the public the right to choose the political order, decide the rule-by-law principles for the operation ofrule-by-law political order, and provide rule-by-law measures safeguarded by the rule-by-law political order.4Having made clear the value goal of the development of contemporary Chinese political culture, we should make arrangements on the concrete route to the realization of the goal according to the requirements of globalization and the situation in China.The route arrangement for the development of productivity-oriented political culture is as follows: On the one hand, we should plan the form realizing socialist nature in the primary phase of socialism. In the primary phase of socialism, the socialist nature is mainly embodied in liberating and developing productivity. We should allow the existence of exploitation, prevent the division to the two extremes, and develop productivity to create a good material basis for the realization of common prosperity. On the other hand, we should lay equal emphasis on the value of efficiency and fairness. We should also set up the operational mechanism of" making overall plans ". We should pay attention to the unification of the extension and focus of the targets, with interest protection and interest rearrangements at the core in the overall planning. Making overall plans should follow the market principles, create external environment for fair competitions and establish the all-round content system that consists of five overall plans.The route arrangement for the development of democracy-oriented political culture is as follows: Firstly, we should excavate democratic resources from traditional political culture and modernize them. We should excavate the democratic intension from the people-based thought of ancient rulers, excavate the ancient explosions on democratic thought, excavate the democratic ideas and spirits reflected in some ancient systems, excavate the pursuance of democracy and equality of the peasant uprisings in all ancient Chinese dynasties, and excavate the democratic views of the thinkers in the period of Ming and Qing. Meanwhile, we should make full use of, and transform creatively, the democratic resources in traditional political culture. We should change the traditional people-based thought into the new people-based thought, which is based on the proposition that political administration should be performed for the benefit of the people. We should make full use of the rich democratic thoughts in traditional Chinese political culture to naturalize the Marxist democratic outlookin China. Secondly, we should take the development of the basic citizen culture as a starting project in the development of democracy-oriented political culture. The rarity of democratic tradition in China and the low democratic quality of Chinese people determined the development of Chinese citizen culture have to go through a training stage and the development of China's market economy determined that developing basic citizen culture is very urgent. The content of basic citizen culture includes villager's autonomy, resident's autonomy, the democratic management of state-owned enterprises and institutions, and the democratic management of corporations. Thirdly, we should take the development of "rational-positive" citizen culture as a major project in the development of the democracy-oriented political culture. That mature political citizen culture requires constructive participation orientation, active participation motive and democratic participation behavior. Fourthly, we should take the development of the democratic ruling Culture as the core project in the development of the democracy-oriented political culture. The idea of administration for the benefit of the people should be developed. We should follow the principle of democratize Party-masses relationship, the principle of democratizing power relations, and the principle of democratizing relations in the party.The route arrangement for the development of rule-by-law-oriented political culture is as follows: On the one hand, we should reside the development the rule-by-law-oriented political culture in the implementation of rule-by-law strategy. At the first stage, we should effectively implement the general plan of "ruling the country by law " to create a good rule-by-law environment for the development and the transmission of rule-by-law-oriented political culture. Under the direction of the government and according to the rule-by-law reality in China, we should transplant the beneficial theory from western rule-by-law cultural. We should do well the work on rule-by-law enlightenment and on the conversion of beliefs. At the second stage, we should promote civil society to develop and maturate, and then to make the rule by law become a maxim of the operation of Chinese politics and become people's belief. On the other hand, we should do the work socializing the rule-by-law-oriented political culture. We should develop market economy to provide the economic basis for the socialization of the rule-by-law-oriented political culture. We should improve the mode of the transmission of the rule-by-law-oriented political culture in families,on media and in schools. We should improve the content and form of the popularization education of law.To obtain and maintain the political approval and to construct the ideology legitimately are the impetus of the development of contemporary Chinese political culture.To obtain and maintain the political approval, we should firstly set up a basic political approval system that combines the result achievement approval system, the ideology approval system and the jurisprudence approval system into one. Developing productivity constantly and seeking the legitimacy resulted from economic growth and its effects are the material bases of political approval. Ideology is an important means for a Party and a government to obtain political legitimacy, and we should go on making use of its important function. The jurisprudence approval demands the establishment of the highest authoritative position of the law, which has more realistic urgency in China. Secondly, to be adapted to the division of the approval subjects into different levels, we should take effective measures to get the approval of the subjects at different levels. We should do a good job to represent and rearrange their interests according to the common approval standard on enrichment and interest protection of subjects at all social levels. According to the different approval standards of newly developed social stratum, peasant class, worker class, intellectual class etc., we should work harder to get their approval. Thirdly, we should make more efforts to obtain and maintain the approval by the means of input, which meets the demanding of people at all levels to participate in the politics for the purpose of their interest expression and interest protection, contributes to the development of the democratic political culture, promotes the basis construction of the jurisprudence approval, and improves the ruling ability of the ruling party. So the ruling party should undertake the duty to represent all people's interests, perfect the existing systematic and organizational channel of input, set up and amplify the people's corporations and social professional masses organizations, and make the best of their input.As one of the ways to defend for political legitimacy, ideology itself also has the problem of legitimacy. Namely, the ideology must be accepted by most of the people in a society. Fundamentally speaking, only the ideology that is adapted to the requirements ofeconomy foundation is legitimate. The legitimacy of ideology changes with the development of society, which is an objective rule in the development of ideology. Ways to obtain the legitimacy of the mainstream of the ideology in China are as follows: one ideology takes the place of another by revolution, one ideology intakes the advantages of others through comparison, and one ideology renews itself creatively. So it is the foundation of the legitimacy of the mainstream of the ideology to develop economy and explore the economic functions of the mainstream of the ideology, it is the key to maintain the legitimacy of the mainstream of the ideology to create new theories and to interpret the reality correctly, and it is the social psychological basis of the legitimacy of ideology to guide social psychology and to realize the change from the main ideology to social psychology. Furthermore, we should appraise and review the legitimacy of ideology from its form and its essence in order to enhance the beliefs in legitimacy of ideology.6We have to pay for the development of contemporary Chinese political culture against the economic globalization background. Sometimes the expense is even high. The cost of the political and cultural development includes inevitable and non- inevitable cost.The inevitable cost of the development of contemporary Chinese political culture includes 1) the guarantee cost that guarantee the materials for the political and culture development; 2) the approval cost for the political culture development; which is the cost for the public to approve the guidelines and the value goal of political culture development; and 3) the norm cost for the political culture development, including the system cost necessary to the formation of new political culture systems and the operation cost for the realization of the goal of political culture development, for the operation of all the established organizations and for the realization of all the systems and regulations; and 4) opportunity cost for the political culture development, which is caused by the choice of some value based on the value goal of political culture development, for the choice of the above value may result in the loss of the possible benefit that may be obtained from other alternative choice of social value.The non-inevitable cost of the development of the contemporary Chinese political culture includes the following: 1) the negative function of the economic globalization may16reduce the degree of the political approval; 2) in the course of reform and opening-up, the imperfect policies may reduce the degree of the policy approval; 3) wrong outlooks on political culture development, such as relativism, radical cultural nationalism, new cultural conservatism, all-round westernization, may make the development of contemporary political culture pay and suffer a lot.So, we must establish correct maxim to minimize the cost payment and maximize the benefits from the political culture development. Firstly, the reasonable criteria for the cost payment in the development of Chinese political culture should be shaped. We should make judgments cautiously on the necessity of the cost payment in the development of Chinese political culture, pay attention to the operational feasibility of the cost payment in the development of Chinese political culture, consider the advantages of cost effects in the development of Chinese political culture, and lay emphasis on the problem of fairness in the cost payment in the development of Chinese political culture. Secondly, according to the reality of contemporary China, the approval cost and the norm cost should be the focuses of the cost investment in the development of contemporary Chinese political culture. Moreover, we should establish a prevention mechanism against the change of possible cost into realistic cost. We should predict possible cost, dispel possible transformation in the bud, and prevent the transformation from possible cost to realistic cost from the sources.7The development of contemporary Chinese political culture needs qualified subjects to push forward and practice.The Communist Party of China is the leading subject in the development of contemporary Chinese political culture. Its tasks are as follows: guiding the direction of Chinese political culture development all the time, carrying forward national spirit to train the national subjects needed by Chinese political culture development, representing and rearranging the interests of the subjects at different social strata, and molding and rearranging the political culture in China. Ways that the Communist Party of China leads the development of contemporary Chinese political culture are as follows: 1) leading by developing economy. By leading the market economic system reform, Communist Party of China placed the development of contemporary Chinese political culture into the17development of productivities; 2) leading by guiding. Communist Party of China leads political culture to make progress by adhering to and developing Marxism guidelines, and by molding the social value system and common ideal; 3) leading by mobilizing. When the country and nationality face a great crisis, or when the mainstream political culture faces serious legitimacy challenge, the Communist Party of China can safeguard the healthy development of Chinese political culture by its strong mobilization power; 4) leading by demonstrating. The Communist Party of China guides, pursues and practices the value goal of the political culture and plays a good exemplary role in the society; 5) leading by rectifying deviation. The Communist Party of China leads political culture to develop in a healthy way by rectifying the deviation in the development of political culture.The intellectuals, are the exploring subjects in the development of political culture in contemporary China. Their awareness of the political mission unifying moral responsibilities and social construction, their awareness of the political responsibilities unifying ultimate care and realistic care, and their independent personality traits pursuing democracy, liberty and rule by law promote the development and transformation of Chinese political culture. In the development of political, they are bringing into play their unique roles, including condensing and loading, criticism and exploration, practice and creation and so on. In contemporary China, both politicized intellectuals studying natural science or social science and non-politicized intellectuals studying natural science or social science are giving play to their roles in different ways in the development of contemporary Chinese political culture.The middle class is an important practice subject in the development of contemporary Chinese political culture. They have the political cognitive tendency to support the reform, the democratic and rule-by-law value outlook on political culture, and the political culture attitude of active participation. In the development of contemporary Chinese political culture, they maintain the steady social environment needed by political culture development, pursue the value reflecting the common prosperity of contemporary Chinese society, construct all-round political legitimacy resources in contemporary China, and push contemporary Chinese political culture to develop in the direction of democracy and rule by law. They give play to the roles of norm orientation, value orientation and structure orientation by the meansof gathering the forces of subjects at their own stratum and coordinating the relations between different social strata to take a lead in the development of all social levels and promote the progress of political culture.
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