System Of Philosophical Reflection

Institution, an important, unique and even essential phenomenon of human society, not only advances social progress but human development, especially in modern society, with the complexity of social development, the multiplicity of human need and both the interpersonal and social conflict and reconciliation of relationship, institution is holding the balance and becoming more and more indispensable. Under such circumstances, the cognition and research of it has been a very necessary and meaningful thing for us to carry out.Currently, in the field of social science, Politics, Economics, Law and Sociology study institution, what they mainly focus on, however, is the concrete one in each scope, without special delving into institution itself. Thus the further development of institution research must be established on a comprehensive and interdisciplinary i.e. philosophical basis so that we can synthesize and study it more macroscopically. This thesis, scanning and researching institution again from the angle of human symbiosis and development, makes a comparison between the discussion of Neo-institution Economics and Marxism on it, opens out the basic connotation of it and fully demonstrates its significance to human existence and development, in hopes of more profound comprehension of it and offering help to the construction of harmonious society in modern China. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters:Chapter 1: The Origin and Essence of Institution.The research on institution cannot be separated from the analysis and opening out of its origin and essence, which is the very basis of institution research. Neo-institution Economics, which, based on the point of humanity, starts from a kind of natural and uncultivated humanity that completely lacks social and historical circumstances, cannot correctly illuminate the origination of institution, the complicated system of behavior criterion. On the contrary, the viewpoint of Marxism is that the activities of material production is the very basis of the existence and development of human society, and also and origin of institution. Thus the research on productive relations or economic institution should regard the activities of material production as the springboard. Here, the comprehension of the essence of institution can neither start from itself nor from the normal evolvement of human psyche, but from the relation in earthy life on which it is based. It is because that institution is not only the representation of human conception, will, thought and demands, but the reflection of social productive method. The very essence of institution is the kinds of relationship among people in social activities under certain historical circumstances, the abstracted, systemized regulations of social function, and the regulation system that stimulates and restricts human behaviors, i.e. the existence mode of social relations. In a word, institution is the consolidation of history and criterion.Chapter 2: The Structure and Function of Institution.Essentially, institution is a stratified system that includes both the basic social institutions and all kinds of specific ones, which, from the angle of economics, can also be regarded as formal, written ones on the one hand and informal, unwritten ones on the other hand. It is durable from of old mainly because of its vital significance in regulating interpersonal relation and reconciling social stability and development. Briefly, the functions of institution manifest themselves in the anticipation, order, stimulation and social conformity.Chapter 3: The Basic Mode of Institution Existence-Vicissitudes.The vicissitudes is a commonplace and the fixedness is impossible. It is the basic mode of institution existence. Where does its impetus lie? What are the restrictive prerequisites? These are the questions about institution vicissitudes to which most attention is paid. In the Marxism point of view, institution vicissitudes roots in the "conflict of interest" and is ultimately determined by the evolvement of productivity. It is an essential disciplinarian of Marxism that the basic rules of basic social conflict are the ones that function in institution vicissitudes. So this chapter discusses from the aspect of historical materialism.Chapter 4: The Evaluation and Innovation of Institution. As a kind of objective existence that counts much during the evolvement of both society and human beings, Institution also needs to be evaluated and innovated.Above all, a criterion is to be established because it is the logical precondition. Only those that not only embody the essential requirements and favor the progress of history and society and the overall development of human being but are conduce to the persistent evolvement and development of institution are reasonable and advisable. Neo-institution Economics merely evaluates institutions from the angle of wealth and is historically restricted. However, judged at the philosophical level, justice is the basic criterion of institution evaluation and human orientation is the supreme one.Institution exists for human being and regards it as the ultimate purpose, the aim of whom is to create better environment for human existence and development. Only such criterions could ensure a sound and reasonable institution. Also the innovation of institution is the one of the important contents for the research on it-the evolvement of productivity is certain to result in the innovation and rejuvenation of productivity and productive relation. As a category of productive relation and an embodiment of it, institution must change itself to keep up with the development of productive and technical conditions in order to gain its objective qualification for existence. Therefore, the innovation of institution is the necessary requirements and results of social development. This chapter opens out the basic implications and essential features of it.Chapter 5: The Implication of Institution in Human TheoryInstitution is the accumulation and also the guarantee of human civilizations. As a result, it is of vital importance to human existence and evolvement. Looking upon human being as its principal part and ultimate object of development, institution becomes the important social conditions of human evolvement once it has come into being. Among the restrictive factors influencing human development, institution is the decisive one, because it can not only propel but inhibit it. Here the key lies in whether the institution itself is reasonable. Only through continuous construction of market-orientated economy and institution innovation can we finally advance the development of human being. This chapter opens out the significance of institution to it.Chapter 6: The Modern Significance of Institution-Institution justice and the construction of harmonious society.After the penetrating analysis of institution from the angle of philosophy in previous chapters, this one, combining theory and reality, discusses the vital significance of it to modern society and puts forward the construction of institution justice and reinforcement of nomocracy so as to advance human development and the construction of harmonious society. Although a lot of reasons altogether account for the discordance of a society, the main one can be summed up to social institution. The disarrangement of social institution lacking justice, stability, efficiency and harmony can lead to the disproportion of interest distribution among classes, estates and groups cause conflict among interest groups and result in various discordance. Therefore, to pursue the harmony that lies between human being and society and among different people, we must ensure the higher status of justice and establish the social system that can fully embody such values as equality, justice and right and through the construction of nomocracy, enable the main interest groups in our society to meet their needs by proper means.