A Research On The Problem Of The Difficulties In Graduate Employment In China

The gross enrollment of higher education has been rising and the entrants have been growing since the Chinese government adopted the policy of expansion in 1999. And with the expansion of higher education it is the problem of difficulties in graduate employment. Many scholars have gone on a series of research about this problem, but the conclusions which they achieve differ greatly:some people think that the essential reason is the expansion of higher education, but there are also a great many people who point out that the present difficulties in graduate employment are mainly structural, and not due to the size of higher education, this is because the size of our higher education is smaller than that of some Western countries, and contrarily we should enlarge our higher education continually. As the findings don't agree, they make it big divergent to how to look on the problem of the difficulties in graduate employment. So at present it isn't a problem of theoretical contest, furthermore, it is a realistic problem which needs to be settled down urgently.As far as the numerous pieces of research on the problem of graduate employment are concerned, most are simply descriptions and also lack deep convincible analysis and demonstration, furthermore, the present research especially lacks the angle of international comparison. We know there are lots of countries which experienced the phase of expansion of higher education in the 1960s and 1970s, so if we could research these countries, it must be of great and realistic significance of use for reference. Moreover, it could help to understand the present problem of graduate employment in our country deeply.So this research tries to probe into the problem of difficulties in graduate employment based on the view of international comparison. At first we reviewed the various theories of employment, and we determined to inquire the contradiction of supply and demand of graduates via general contradiction (of supply and demand) and structural contradiction. Then we had a historical inspection so as we could have a basic knowledge of the problem of difficulties in graduate employment in our country through a vertical angle. Next we probed into the problem of difficulties in graduate employment in our country currently through the two angles above. Then we selected mainly two nations:Japan and India, and studied the problems in graduate employment. At last we had an international comparison and got some conclusions.The conclusions we have achieved are as follows:Firstly, supply exceeding demand is the primary reason of difficulties in graduate employment.Second, graduates'higher expected income is another reason.Thirdly, the involuntary unemployment resulted from different levels of schools, different types of schools, different subjects, different sexes is also an important reason.Fourthly, the involuntary unemployment resulted from the deficiencies of knowledge and skills is one of the important reasons.Last but not least, the voluntary unemployment resulted from the dual labor market segmentations is also another important reason.Meanwhile, we also find that:In the first place, the size of higher education correlates strongly with economy. From the point of view of international comparison, the judgement of the size of higher education depends on different economic conditions of different countries, so we couldn't have a simple blindfolded comparison among different countries. If the development level of the economy in a country is low (eg. India), the size of higher education is relatively big easily even though its gross enrollment of higher education in fact isn't high, and it could result in the difficulties in graduate employment.Second, the government should exert positive influence in solving the problem of graduate employment. In India, the size of higher education expanded incessantly because of different political forces, whereas the government couldn't control the size of higher education effectively, and this resulted in the size which exceeded greatly the development level of economy, so the quality of higher education was low, and the problem of graduate employment couldn't be resolved effectively for long. But in Japan, when the problem of graduate employment arose in 1970s, the government took measures in time:on the one hand it limited the size of higher education, on the other hand it developed vocational education, so the problem of graduate employment relieved gradually.