The Theory And Practice Of Physical Performance Training In National Elite Speed Skaters

Speed skating in short distance is one of the Winter Olympic Games and one of the international tournaments. Its performance is important part of national sports levels. Speed skating in short distance is predominant sports items, for our athletes have made great achievements especially in short distance competitions at world level. Although we had the proud history, we now leg behind other countries.With the development and intensification of modern competition, the physical performance is more and more regarded as important factor. It is the goal of modern training to investigate the methods and theory of physical performance, find out the most perfect model, and make the training more scientific, systematic and optimum. The speed skating in short distance is based on physical performance which need great investigation to make progress. The development and high intensification of modern speed skating in short distance need high level of physical performance. Therefore, it becomes more and more important to investigate the theory and training method in speed skating in short distance.The development history of speed skating in short distance showed that the achievement in this sport was related closely to the training methods and theory of physical performance. Especially, difference in the final physical performance is one of the most weaknesses in our national skaters, and it is the biggest obstacle inhibiting speed skating further development. In light of those problems, this study will make investigation in our national elite speed skaters to elucidate the training theory and practical problems.The main research contents as follows: the systematic aspects of physical performance and the outer influence factors; the characteristics of speed skating in short distance; the establishment of special physical performance and estimate system in our national elite speed skaters; the training methods and workload arrangement of national elite speed skaters; the characteristics of annual periodical arrangement in national elite speed skaters.Methods: literature review; expert visiting; questionnaire; experiment; logical analysis and data statistics.Main conclusions:1. Physical performance is composed of multiple factors, which indicated that physical performance of skaters should be cognized from systematic viewpoints. This helps us to understand the physical performance from the relationship between whole and local, whole and environment. According the systematic theory, physical performance, as a perfect system, owns its individual structure and function, and promotes whole development of competition together with other systematic factors of competition. Physical performance system is affected by inter factors, while outer factors influence in it by direct or indirect way.2. The modern speed skating in short distance was show as follows: Because of modification of competition rules, The competitions were more and more fair, but it required higher physical performance. Basing on aerobic capacity partly, energy supplement of ATP-CP and anaerobic energy supplement were the nucleus of energy supplement. Muscle strains, especially quick strains, was the main quality of speed skaters in short distance; Pace frequency was main character during turning and pace width was main character of straight trace; The strategy of competition should be made according the counter skaters and the environment of matches; Land physical performance should be apply around whole year which is the guarantee of special physical performance for speed skater. Technique has usual characters, but also show individual differences.3. The estimation and diagnosis of physical performance in speed skaters in short distance includes selection of index, elucidation of physical performance and methods of estimation and diagnosis of physical performance. The selection of physical performance was the precondition of acknowledgement of physical performance; Establishment of physical performance model was base of study of structure; The estimation and diagnosis of physical performance was the goal of setting up model; The selection of index determined the scientism of model, and estimation and diagnosis of physical performance determined its application.4. Special physical performance and technique training can not be divided, and physical performance was the base of technique while technique was the carrier of physical performance indicating physical performance and technique was uniform. Combinatorial training was practical methods approach to multiple quality and competition ability. Application of combinatorial training can promote competition of skaters.5. The study of physical performance training methods and workloads in national elite speed skater showed: The training methods of our national skaters were too complicated. Training workload leads towards aerobic capacity training, whose training intensity was very low and has no practical performance.6. The annual training task of speed skaters was arranged according to competition, and the workload in different period has different characters. The number of participating in matches was key factors of keeping best physical performance state and show optimal competition state.