A Study On The Disequilibrium Of Urban-Rural Labor Market In China

China is the richest country of labor resources in the world. It is the fundamental question to how to optimize the allocation of the labor resources. After reform and opening, urban and rural labor markets of China have always been disequilibrium, which influenced not only the allocation performance but also the development of overall urban-rural consideration and harmonious steady of society. Therefore, it is the crucial to how to realize the equilibrium of urban-rural labor markets, to raise the allocation performance of labor resources and to reach the harmonious urban-rural development and boost the social harmony, steady, fairness and justice.The paper, based on the disequilibrium theory, integrating with the specific national condition and comprehensively apply such methods as historical analysis, comparative analysis, game theory and metrological modal analysis, in phrases researched the unequilibruim characteristics, reasons, mechanism and performance, forecasted its evolving tendency and finally put forward the relative policies of improving the equilibrium development of urban-rural labor markets.Its characteristics mainly included that the different allocation that the nation has taken on labor resources, not-matching between the supply and demand of urban-rural labor, the gap between urban and rural salary, the differentiation between the social security system and the unsettled disequilibrium of labor markets.The reasons why the labor markets existed disequilibriumly were three points. The first point was that in some extent the follow-up influences that the government had made the heavy industry priority tended to the disequilibrium condition; the second was that the increasing intolerance of rural labors from the urban had impacted on the rural labor employment into urban; the third is the fact that the transformation of labor structure couldn't keep pace with industry structure.Through the left labors employment based on the Symmetrical Game Analysis, we found that the demonstration of successful labor transmission, input information from outside and outside introduction would have greatly impacted on the standing labor. The supply of family labors was based on the rational choices of chasing the most family profit. Resources allocation of non-stated units mostly conformed to the labor market system by the game proceeding between non-stated units and the grass root. And stated units deployed the resources by Principal-Agent between the stated and government. Facing the fierce employment conflicts between the urban and rural, the goals of government allocation were to reduce the conflict cost as possible as it could, and also to cut off the possible profits under the certain cost.Allocation efficiency when the disequilibrium has been forming was higher than when the equilibrium has been, which tended to the situation that rural left labors largely moved for urban and rural non-agricultrized industry and increased the productivity. From the fair's degree, social compensation when forming was less than when the equilibrium. When developing, urban-rural labor resources principally took the same allocation means. The supply of the urban was larger than the demand. Though the gap existed between the urban and rural salary, the situation of the urban bearing the rural and in turn the industry bearing the agriculture has begun. The differences of urban-rural social security system has been larger. And the disequilibrium degree has been expanding.The above mentioned disequilibrium mainly embodied on the supply-demand quantity and price. Based on the limited information, the paper separately adopted non-agricultrized degree of rural labors and the urban-rural labors income instead of the quantity and price. The research stated that the most effective ( the first five) micro-factors influencing rural labors income are working time, education, types of employment places, gender and whether to have technical expertise, while education, gender, types of employment places, employment region and working time are the most effective ( the first five) micro-factors influencing urban labors income. The differences of micro-factors influencing the urban and rural income mainly consist in whether to have technical expertise, working time, marital status, employment sectors and so on.The individual factor,family factor and human capital factor directly influenced the employment of rural labors. The individual factor and family factor separately indirectly influenced the employment of rural labors by human capital factor. Rising up the improvement rate converting the individual and family factors into human capital factor can raise the non-agriculturalized level of rural labors, increase income and employment stability of rural labors. And there was some inherent relations among the influencing factors of employment.Allocation efficiency when the disequilibrium has developed was higher than when the equilibrium has been forming, which embodied on the condition that rural left labors consistently moved for urban and rural non-agricultrized industry and increased the productivity. From the fair's degree, the developing phrase was fairer than the forming, which embodied on rural labors and rural institutions, urban labors and employment units could get the reasonable profits, and social compensation was less than the forming.The main researching conclusions of the urban-rural disequilibrium market during the convergent period were as followed: the decreasing extent of the proportion of rural labors was more than the agricultural production; the proportion of rural labors were still larger; the rural labors didn't flow into the non-agricultural in only one direction, but in two-way or alternative directions; the gap of urban labors salaries began to be convergent in general; the system factors leading to the disequilibrium urban-rural market have been cut off; the most important difference wasn't the income gap, but impossibly the gap between the living circumstance and the life style.The reasons why the urban-rural labor market was disequilibrium were that the decreasing extent of the proportion of rural labors began to go beyond the agricultural production; the price gap between rural labors and non-rural labors began to be narrowed; the social security systemic of unified urban and rural had basically been built; the labor market of unified urban and rural had basically been; in more extent the qualities of urban-rural labors and other non-systemic factors led to the formation of disequilibrium urban-rural labor market.During the disequilibrium convergent period of urban-rural labor market, it has been further confirmed that labor power is Economic Persons, and the modern enterprise system of employers has been built; and the main function of government is the public services.The resources allocation efficiency of the disequilibrium convergent period was higher than the disequilibrium developing period, and its fairness was higher than the developing period.From the evolution trend of disequilibrium urban-rural labor market, in the future ten or twenty years, the disequilibrium market will be more. From the forecasted outcome, the situation will possibly have the convergent condition again when approaching 2040; and the urban-rural labor market will be equilibrium when 2070.The main measures to improve the equilibrium development of urban-rural labor market includes the construction and improvement of labor market systems, the improvement of the market system relating to labor resources allocation, the increasing of the qualities of rural labors, the promotion of the non-agriculturalized rural labors, the perfection of income allocation, and the establishment and improvement of unified social security system and others.