On The Development Of Maize Seed Industry In The 20^th Century

Maize belongs to a grass species maize, being originatively native to the American continent, Mexico, Peru, Chile, a narrow strip along the foot of the Andes. It was not until Columbus reached the New World in 1492 that its written records appeared. Soon after, maize was introduced to the Nordic countries, and from there it spread to Africa, Asia and most parts of the world.Maize has developed into a multi-use crops for food, economy, feed, fruits and vegetables, energy and others. In China, Maize acreage ranks first in grain production with its amount production being second, whose inndustrial development is prospective.Maize is a crop utilizing heterosis earliest with a larger planting area, the cultivation and promotion of hybrid maize is a milestone in the history of maize seed commercial development. Maize seed commercialization of the 20th century was marked by the division of the grain production and seed. Thus, the increasing rate of maize seed products, and gradually industrialized. By the end of 20th century, the coverage of hybrid maize, has been over 90%, ranking highest of all crops. It can be said that it is in the 20th century that the maize seed industry has been developing from scratch to the original retained seed and to seed industrialization,from the traditional isolation and delayed closure to an open state to a modern industrial boom, representing China's seed industry development tedency.Maize seed is the most basic of agricultural production,its industry is related to the sound development of national food security, agricultural development and people's living standards, which has a vital significance.Taking time as sequence and the maize seed industry development for clues, this article combs the maize seed industry specific forms and characteristics in various stages of the 20th century, firstly this article combining the maize seed industry operation management system and its core carrier-the evolution of maize seed, attempts to divide the evolution of maize seed industry into four stages,namely, the inheritance of traditional maize and improved farm species (introduction-1962); maize Hybrid nnovation and tortuous developing (1963-1975); compact maize's reform and its universal access (1976-1994); modern industrialization of maize seed industry and its operating mechanism (1995-present).Thus we break through those limitations of simply dividing by time or the political system,which in essence reveals the history trails of the development of maize seed industry and real features.on this base,further more,we explore the impact and role of maize seed industry and its dynamic factor.eventually we analyse the maize seed industry features,summarize its development and point out experience and countermeasures.Above all, taking the inheritance of traditional maize and improved farm species as a marching access we clarify the process of the inheritance and little evolvtion of traditional maize seed industry.By reviewing the introduction of maize in China, spread and impact,it objectively reveals the traditional maize seed industry related to inheritance and innovation of technology,summarizes the traditional maize seed industry technological characteristics of the gradient.It is about in the early 16th century that maize was introduced into China, firstly via the Southwest land, roughly the frontier earlier,after the Mainland later;the mountain earlier,the plain later;and south earlier,north later. The introduction and development of maize facilitate cultivated area further expansion, increasing food production and social progress and economic prosperity eith an important impact. For this reason, there is growing emphasis on corn planting, cultivation and seed collection and conservation and other technologies to learn and summarize, which is the traditional maize seed industry work related to technology accumulation,founding the base and premise for the inheritance of maize seed industry and innovation. In the transforming process from traditional to modern agriculture of China,it appears obvious technology features, namely, guided by natural scientific theory;based on scientific experiments; quantitatively analysed via bio-statistics and others;with chemical fertilizers, pesticides and farm machinery as the new agricultural inputs.The relationship between maize cultivation and technology has been becoming closer and closer.Through the long-term development and improvement of farm species and introduction species, a certain achievements has been made, in December 1958, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated the "National Maize breeding promotion pilot program,"which unified the national wide maize breeding planning, reproductive and promotion. In 1963 the hybrids breeding of Xin Danl symblizes a new stage of maize hybrids breeding from mainly breeding pairs to mainly breeding single.It laid a solid foundation for China's maize seed industry entering the innovation of hybrid corn and its tortuous evolution (1963-1975) period. This stage is subject to political and other factors, maize seed industry development is relatively slow and tortuous, but it still obtains some achieves:one is the evolution and development of maize cultivation and technology,another is the collation and utilization of maize germplasm resources,and the third is the evolution and development of maize germplasm and technology system.During the process of exploring high yield and efficiency maize hybrids, compact plant type breeding works remarkablely.In 1976, Yedan 14 bred by Yu Yi in Yantai Institute Agricultural Science became the first large-scale promoted and utilized compact maize of large-scale in the production, marking the maize seed industry in China developing intoa compact maize leading era. onthe basis of previous research, Li Denghai bred a series of compact maize varieties, among which Yedan Yedan 2 and Yedan 13 respectively of the 20th century's 80's and 90's mainly utilized smaize in the production practice.accerlating compact maize breeding into a new era,making an outstanding contribution to the development of China's mazie seed industry as well. The transformation and universal access of compact maize made a prerequisite for maize seed industry development. Modern maize breeding technology innovation and the advantages of modern maize hybrids forming groups and use of compact is just the theoretical basis of maize breeding; It is under the guidance of these scientific theories, that series of varieties like Yedan 13 were bred continuously,with popularization in practice achieving yield practical results. compact varieties of corn is the basis while management is the key. Compact maize is dense planting with special requirements in cultivation and managemen,only by taking appropriate cultivation and management techniques can it ensure a desired efficiency.The time signature of corn breeding and promotion of improved varieties of maize seed industry promot sustainable development, especially after the reform and opening up, with modern corn seed market development and change in institutional development,the industrialization of corn mziae industry has gradually been put on the agenda, through continuous exploration and summary, to 1995, the state implemented the project of maize seed, marking the beginning of industrialization the modern maize seed industry. Summarizing and analysing modern maize seed industry changes and technological innovation,naize seed market development and institutional reform,we overall analye the developing trend of modern maize seed industry. Finally, taking Deng Hai Seed and De Nong Seed as examples, we conducte a seed company case study for modern agricultural maize. China's maize seed industry has gone through a process of government charging to corporatization market oriental adjusting gradually. In 1987, China formally established seed companies,which,in 1995,was renamed China's Seed Industry Group. Industrialization of the modern maize seed industry research and development system consists of maize research, maize seed production, processing and marketing systems, maize and maize seed industry management systems and other aspects of industrial structures. Modern industrial growth process of corn seed companies embodies the Chinese maize seed industry development. Deng Hai Seed being the largest modern enterprise, De Nong Seed being the emerging seed enterprises,both are representative.Maize seed industry development has far-reaching implications, The first is promoting and expanding the area and yield of maize production. Before or after the PRC, area, yields, and total output all increased to some degree stably.Especially after 1980s continuous maize cultivation compact and rapid large scale, reflecting the development of maize varieties on the contribution of the huge increase in production. Jilin Province is the largest spring maize producing areas of China, Shandong Province is the largest summer maize producing areas in China. Therefore we examine Shandong provinces as example of regional agricultural development of corn and promote economic development,while examine Jilin Province as example of reforming agricultural developing style ang ecnomy increasing means.Researching the inductive power factors of China's, maize seed industry development we find three factors are outstanding:one, its technology as a factor in maize seed industry, improved maize varieties is the driving force; another, as a national institutional factors, the National Agricultural Science and Technology Policy is a pointer has a huge role in promoting; third, market demand as a economy leverage for maize seed industry is one of the key parts,pushing with great traction.Conclusion section analyszes the development of China's maize seed industry characteristics; summarizing the development of China's maize seed industry experience of enlightenment; highlighting the need for further expansion of the department,pointing out China's maize seed industry development problems and shortcomings.Across the 20th century, the development of maize seed industry reflects the operational characteristics of its own, with great achievements, where there are problems and shortcomings, whether succeed or fail,it has an important inspiration and reference.to the development of corn seed industry today,giving us the way forward:strengthening seed industry research,accerlating scientific and technological innovation; deepening the reform, walking the road of the Group Management; strengthening seed brand building, taking the high road of quality; stricting market regulation and taking the species according to the law road; expanding seed markets, and taking a international road.