A Research On Tourism Spatial Strucrure Of Borderland Province

The spatial structure, as one of main study directions in tourism geography, is relevant with the deployment of tourist elements and the spatial location of tourist economic activities, meanwhile it relates with the issue whether the geographical space restricts the constraints of tourist economic activities, reduction of costs, the improvement of tourist economic efficiency. The vast geographical space in china and diverse levels of tourism development lead to the uniqueness of tourism spatial structure for different places. As the important strength, the border areas in China, are facing an important transit period to upgrade their tourism spatial structure. In light of nearness to foreign countries, long borderline and complex periphery, those border areas which are main tourism targets, far from the political, cultural and economic center, have a quite different location and tourist spatial structure from inland and coastland, displaying a certain peculiarities and uniqueness. At present, the studies of regional tourism spatial structure are mostly static, and mainly starting from developed regions and cities, but the perspectives from provinces and borderland areas are very few. Further, the conclusion for the whole after1978is absent. Considering these, the dissertation starts from the elements of tourist spatial structure for border provinces, deeply explores the conformation and evolution motives, mechanism and optimization modes for the borderland provinces. Meanwhile, the dissertation has an empirical study of Yunnan Province which is mostly represented and advanced, and reshuffle the formation of tourism space in Yunnan Province and its arteries and veins of the evolution.The dissertation consists of the two sections:the theory section (chapter1,2,3,4,5) reviews the previous relevant studies, distinguishes the elements of borderland province tourism spatial structure, their integration and function based on defining such concepts as borderland areas, borderland provinces, tourism spatial structure etc. Then from these points, such as environment, tourism resource, tourism product, economic condition, political condition, technical advance conditions etc., the section discusses the process principles to form center, point-routes space for tourism spatial structure in borderland provinces, and analyzes the principles of how center-rim space structure forms, tourism gradient developing principles, asymmetric principles of tourism marginal in borderland areas, geopolitical principles. Finally the section analyzes the background, connotation and mode for tourism spatial construction optimization for borderland areas, sums up the optimization emphasis combined by the four sides:multi-central tourism structure drawn by three heads, routes coupling development fostered by international tourism channel, the multiple pivot radioactive network formation, the enforcement of external opening and cooperation. The empirical section (chapter6.7,8,9,10,11,12) analyzes the emphasis changes of tourism spatial structure in Yunnan and the changes of tourism income distribution after an introduction to the forming of tourism spatial structure in Yunnan, and explores the income increase and space-time changes from two points of city area and county area, further testing the tendency to be similar and analysis. Secondly, the section explores the linking strength degree within Yunnan tourism, independency degree, the features of tourism spatial structure, generalizes the features for spatial structure forming and evolution, investigates into the motive mechanism propelled by different factors such as geographical location, tourism source condition, economic development condition, tourism products and technical conditions and political conditions etc Finally, the section puts forward some strategies to optimize the tourism spatial structure in Yunnan.After the study, the dissertation has the following conclusions:1) the tourism spatial structure in borderland provinces (TSSBP) consists of tourist nods, tourist routes, tourist domain, tourist edge and tourist flow etc.2) the environment condition, as the element of forming and evolving the tourism spatial structure in border provinces, determines the irregularities, differences, diversities, segmentation, marginality of the forms for tourism nods (routes, domains), and also offers inborn strength for opening to foreign countries. Tourism source conditions are the fundamental factors of tourism spatial structure in borderland provinces, which are helpful to build tourism nodes (domains) consistent with diverse even tattered geographical units. As supporting factors for the spatial structure, tourist products lead to the expansion and orderly changes for TSSBP. Economic conditions are the triggering factors for TSSBP. The borderland provinces are heavily reliable to tourism sources, money, technology, policies and ports for their weak economic base. Without regular economic industries, these places put more emphasizes on developing tourism. The political policies are the important conduct to the forming and evolution of TSSBP. International geopolitics and tourism development in China influence the spatial distribution of tourism element and the development direction and order of tourism spatial structure. The technical development conditions are the factors to stimulate TSSBP. Fast tourism transportation, information transfer etc makes various tourism nodes (routes, domains) and tourist sources transform into kinetic energies to develop tourism industry.3) the forming and development of TSSBP can be divided into different stages:joint discrete development stage, joint-routes development stage, radioactive chain development stage, radioactive network development stage. The principles of tourism centers, nodes-routes structure and radioactive network structure have different functions. Routes radioactive network spatial structure is the highest stage for TSSBP.4) The core-periphery structure is prominent in TSSBP. The gradient forms have various ways to develop. The inter-provincial border and the border areas mostly belong to tourism fringe areas and low-gradient region, and frontier border areas and border areas in the inter-provincial travel industry show a certain asymmetry. The tourism in the border area as a whole has a higher level; geopolitical relationship between the different stages, respectively, has a profound impact on the evolution of border tourism space.5) The optimization of the TSSBP should be highlighted by the non-balanced and coordinated development mode. To highlight the triple-core multi-hub center routes of traction increase tourism spatial structure strategy, channel strategy to international tourism and travel routes coupling, in particular, play an air traffic on a large domain, by leaps and bounds the routes of the Tourism Development and the main touristm hub role in promoting tourism bridgehead strategy to promote the frontier provinces, autonomous regions, the surrounding tourism economic zone (circle) construction.6) Since the reform and opening up, Yunnan Province, in general tends to show from unbalanced to balanced development inbound tourism, having the trend of change centralized distribution. The domestic tourism spatial structure development is relatively more balanced, coordinated. The interstate differences in the main zone of the province's total tourism is the income of differences and the differences between the zones due to the combined effect. County tourism revenue is characteristic by the spatial structure of the core-the edge. Yunnan tourism foreign exchange earnings growth performs divergence, and the per capita gross domestic tourism income has the convergence trend. Comparison with the province's international tourism and domestic tourism economic growth, there is a convergence to low-income, high-income group.7) The synchronic analysis in1988,1999and2010, reveals that tourism spatial structure of Yunnan has experienced the conjoined discrete stage, point-routes radiation beaded stage, now it is changing primarily into Kunming-central mode which is routes-radioactive network form. The whole reflects different periods, differences, ranks, as well as borders, gradients, transportation, regional national and spatial dexis etc.8) The tourism spatial structure formation and evolution in Yunnan Province are constrained by the coupling effect and relevance of environmental conditions, tourism resources, economic conditions, conditions of travel products, technical conditions, political conditions. Among them, environmental conditions, economic conditions have gradually declined even less significantly.9) The three polar tourism centers, Kunming, Xishuangbanna, Dali-Lijiang should be established gradually in Yunnan Province. Honghe should be established into a real tourist destination in future. The integration of the provincial tourism spatial network and promotion of the unity of province tourism will be undergone. When the tourism in the gradient region should be gradually developed, more developed tourism map of northwest Yunnan, western and southwestern Yunnan should be unified into a whole. The international and domestic tourism cooperation system for overseas and outside the province depth should be constructed, so that Yunnan can become an important springboard, the channel and base of China to South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, the Pacific cooperation in tourism.