Economic Analysis On The Operation Of National Parks

In 2004, China proposed explicitly the target to build a socialist harmonious society and took it as the major strategic mission of China for the development opportunity. The connotation of socialist harmonious society is very rich, including democratic politics, equality and justice, stability and orderliness, harmony between human and the nature and so on, which are interconnected, interdependent and interactive. It is a difficult and complicated systematic project to plan, harmonize and develop all the relations, especially the harmonious interpersonal relationship and the harmonious relationship between human and the nature, as well as to improve the harmonious development of material civilization, spiritual civilization, political civilization and ecological civilization.Under the guidance of sustainable development idea, the national park movement is in the ascendant in the world and changing the human economic development and social civilization form without precedent in history. As the national park is the basic unit and demonstrating zone for the ecological economic development, it is the demand of establishing and fulfilling the scientific development idea and satisfying the increasingly severe national ecological security to plan it scientifically, construct it normatively, manage it legally, operate it with the civil participation and according to the market principles, it is also the necessary demand to satisfy the people's increasing ecological demands; it has a profound practical guiding significance for the transformation of economic growth mode, reconstruction of the green economy as well as the all-round building of a harmonious society; it needs to be researched and innovated theoretically as well as explored and summarized practically.The time for the concept of national park to be introduced to China is relatively short, and the practice is just beginning in China. The people are still used to considering national park equal to nature reserve, scenic area, important national protection site for historical and cultural value or other traveling destinations, with inadequate realization for the strategic position of national park in the new historical condition, lacking systematic research and theoretical innovation. In the primary stage of socialism and under the market economic system, it is an important and urgent strategic mission facing China to derive and borrow the distinguished achievement as well as the experience and lessons of other countries, to construct, protect, operate and manage the national park system with Chinese characteristics scientifically, reasonably and effectively, to fully perform the basic resource distribution function of the market and macro adjustment function of the government by intervening in the supplies and demands of public materials, as well as to improve the harmonious and sustainable development of the regional economy and society.As a countrywide uniform national park system hasn't been established in China, the research on national park is basically still at the exploring stage. There are many nature and culture reserve areas in China with similar functions as national park, and most of the demands for protection come from the experts on nature and culture, who usually emphasize the necessity and importance of the protection from the point of view of their specialties, while the government and public don't really understand and concern about the implicit knowledge. The conservation areas with strong tourism function and relatively complete tourism facilities are more liked and concerned about by the people, while those areas with strong ecological and scientific research functions are on the dilemma of peripherization.The national park development strategy covers many aspects of the economic and social systems. Starting with the concept, forms, functions and history of national park, based on the theories of Marxist Political economy and ecological economics, combining the analysis devices and research achievements of institutional economics, resource and environmental economics, system ecology, public economics and economics of tourism and so on, the author of the article tries to analyze the law and features of the construction, operation, management and functioning of national park, and to research the macro system environment and micro functioning efficiency for the development of national park in China so as to arouse the concern and research on the economic and social development mode of national park by the government, enterprises, non-government organizations as well as the economics field, to fully perform the integrated efficiency of national park in economy, society and ecology, and to advanced the national park to be established as soon as possible in China and to into the advanced range of the world.Closely combining the latest achievements of international ecological economics and the development practice of the national park functional areas in China, based on the research of the four major parts of social reproduction and their mutual connections, the author of the article makes the proposition that both the material products and ecological products are the integral parts of the gross social products. The author discusses the antagonism and conformity of the economic resources and ecological resources from the balancing between the reproductions of the two divisions. Through the application value and the value analysis on the national park service, the author indicates the objective necessity for the labor of public welfare departments to create value and participate in the value distribution. From the external analysis of the ecological efficiency of national park, the author proposes the concept of ecological land rent, studying its manifestations, formation mechanism, action mechanism and division performance. The author also explains the necessity and feasibility to establish the interregional ecological compensation mechanism from the theories of harmonious regional labor division and sustainable development; justifies the necessity to construct national park system from the present ecological security situation, harmonious regional development, industrial structure upgrading and social harmony and cohesion in China; analyses the feasibility to construct national park in China from the national park resource endowment, economic foundation and technology ability of China; specially recommends and introduces the successful experience and lessons of national park in America combining the present condition of conservation area management in China; proposes the direction and approaches of construction national park management system with Chinese characteristics based on the analysis of the present management system of China; studies the general devices and policy framework for national park antipoverty starting with the specialty of the national park poverty; as well as discusses in depth the system design of license operation for national park in China from the development mechanism of ecological tourism and proposes correspondent policy claims and countermeasures.