| The grassland ecosystem has important effects on the production of animal husbandry, water and soil conservation, water conservation, climate regulation, biological diversity protection and so on. Due to the importance of regional geographic position, the grassland ecosystem in the SanJiang Region area is not only an important production base of animal husbandry, but also an important ecological security barrier. However, due to the impact of animal husbandry and other economic activities, the grassland in the SanJiang Region area has different degrees of degradation, which leads to the gradual deterioration of local ecological environment, lower social and economic development, the herdsmen living in poverty, thus triggering a series of ecological environment problems and social economic problems. On the one hand, these problems affect the normal production and life of the people in the SanJiang Region area. On the other hand, it also poses a direct threat to the ecological security in the north of China. Therefore, to ease the grassland degradation trend in the Sanjiang Region area, and to gradually restore its ecosystem service function, coordinate the relationship between animal husbandry production and ecosystem protection, improve the local sustainable development ability, has become a problem to be solved. Considering the protection of the ecological environment in the Sanjiang Region area and animal husbandry production, formulating a reasonable policy for the protection of ecological barriers and the economic development of animal husbandry, implementing ecological compensation in the SanJiang Region area, is one of the effective ways to solve the above problems.The core issue of ecological compensation policy is the determination of ecological compensation standard. In this research, we analyze the domestic and foreign related research results, based on institutional economics, environmental economics, ecology and management theory, and then measure the service value of grassland ecosystem services in the SanJiang Region area, and make it the base of the maximum ecological compensation standard; We estimate the cost of ecological reconstruction in the SanJiang Region area, make it the basis for determining the minimum value of ecological compensation standard. Further, to adjust the ecological compensation standard value according to the willingness to pay and pay the ability to adjust, so as to enhance the practical feasibility of ecological compensation. This study has reference significance for the development of the standard policy of the grassland ecological compensation in the SanJiang Region area, and it has important effect on the good operation of the ecological compensation mechanism in the SanJiang Region area.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:(1)The status of ecological barriers of the SanJiang Region area is important, but the ecological environment in this area, especially the vulnerability of grassland ecosystem, makes it difficult to protect and construct the ecological barrier. Under this background, it is of great significance to carry out the ecological compensation in the SanJiang Region area. And to determine the reasonable ecological compensation standard is the key point for the development of ecological compensation policy.From the current development situation of ecological environment in the SanJiang Region area, the huge problems facing ecological compensation are: First, the carrying capacity of the SanJiang Region area has far exceeded the extent of grassland can afford, which led to a large area of grassland degradation and simultaneous soil erosion and other ecological problems. Animal husbandry is the main source of the SanJiang Region area herders, with all kinds of animals 3,300 million and an average of 120% overload rate in 2012, overload rate even reaches 400 percent in some areas; Second, the abundant wetlands and lakes resources in the SanJiang Region area had serious declined, which led to the Yellow River, gtze River and Lancang rivers and other water dropped; Third, the rampant rodents in SanJiang Region area cause serious harm to local ecosystems, without a radical approach; Fourth, for the National Nature Reserve in the SanJiang Region area, the core zone, buffer zone and the test zone is not continuous, which is not conducive to the management and construction, resulting in special ecological construction and protection challenges. Although the large-scale ecological compensation has been carried out in Sanjiang, but the demand on the protection of the ecological system in the SanJiang Region area, the current investment scale, and the management means are difficult to match. In this case, it is of great significance for scientific calculation of the standard of ecological compensation in the SanJiang Region area.(2)To estimate the service value of grassland ecosystem and the loss value of grassland ecosystem services in Sanjiang according to the theoretical principles of economics and ecology, make the value of ecosystem services which can’t be estimated in terms of a sense of dominance.According to this research, the service value of grassland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Region area is 49.915 billion yuan, and the loss value of ecosystem services is 10.933 billion yuan in 2012. Due to various factors, the estimate in this study may not adequately reflect its exact value, but it still be able to raise awareness of the importance of the SanJiang Region grassland ecosystem services to some extent, at the same time it can also help people to understand the potential harm caused by the grassland degradation in the SanJiang Region area. This will help to raise awareness of ecological protection and strengthen the concept of ecological environment and economic development and harmonious development. Also, this study is helpful for the ecological compensation standards development and ecological compensation policy implementation.(3)The security barrier contribution of grassland ecosystem in SanJiang Region area is far greater than the economic value through animal husbandry. Therefore, the protection and construction of grassland ecological system in the SanJiang Region area is not only of great ecological significance, but also has a very high economic significance.The livestock economy mainly reflects the way of the social and economic function in SanJiang Region area. It reached 1.72256 billion yuan in 2012 according to the study, equivalent to the economic value 61.51 yuan per unit. However, the ecosystem service value in this area was 1782.29 yuan per unit, which is 28.98 times higher than the economic value of the livestock. In addition, if the grassland ecosystem degradation in the SanJiang Region area does not occur, then the value of ecosystem services will be higher, reaching 60.84816 billion yuan, which is 35.32 times higher than the livestock economy. Therefore, the above estimation results show that the grassland ecosystem service value Sanjiang region is much larger than the economic value of the livestock obtained from the overloading.(4)Combined with the natural grassland restoration degree, artificial grassland construction characteristics, grassland infrastructure construction, the willingness to reduce livestock of the farmers, the willingness to accept the training and the government financial support and other factors, this study try to estimate the cost of ecological reconstruction in SanJiang Region area.After calculation, the livestock reduction recovery function area requires ecological reconstruction funds 17.345 billion yuan, equivalent to 3.4 billion yuan per year; the overall enclosure area requires ecological reconstruction funds 0.0478 billion yuan, equivalent to 0.0096 billion yuan per year; the moderate production function area requires ecological reconstruction funds 2.511 billion yuan, equivalent to 0.502 billion yuan per year. Using 5 years as a reconstruction cycle to calculate the cost of the above three kinds of reconstruction, the cost of the Sanjiang Region area of grassland ecological reconstruction is total 19.904 billion yuan, equivalent to 3.981 billion yuan per year.(5)According to the present situation of regional social and economic development in SanJiang Region area, and the contents of compensation and compensation, the upper limit and lower limit value of ecological compensation standard in Sanjiang source region are obtained.Taking 5 years as an ecological compensation cycle, the maximum compensation standard of grassland ecological system in Sanjiang source region was 4.516 billion yuan / per year, and the minimum compensation standard was 3.981 billion yuan per year. This ecological compensation standard can effectively restore the grassland ecosystem services, increase the value of ecosystem services, increase the livestock herders income, and promote sustainable development in the SanJiang Region area. |
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