| Alone as a group,or be divided into more dimensions,the Bannerman and Sanding groups survived in the same ruling system that be called "Army-first Policy", being established by the Qing government in the early Qing dynasty,so that various contact exists between them in a long time.By research and discussion combines unified and separated,not only can take advantage of a special study,but also can easily analyze the impact from the macro similarities and differences all of them caused by the ruling system.lt is a very useful method, by applying this methodology,we tried to explore the deep-seated factors that impact on the Bannerman and Sanding groups’s living conditions during late Qing dynasty.This article will be divided into the following five chapters:Chapter Ⅰ,the Bannerman and Sanding groups’ membership genus and stationed distribution.Studies of this chapter will be divided into two sections:Section 1 will outline the Manchu and Han Bannerman’s membership genus and stationed distribution during the Qing dynasty.Section 2 will be an overview of the development and distribution situation that focus on the Sanding groups(the labours on the official plantations,the labours on posts, and the labours on gateways).Chapter Ⅱ, the Bannerman And Sanding Groups military living conditions in Jilin-Heilongjiang region during the late Qing dynasty.In this chapter,the conscription work and military training for soldiers,participated in suppression of domestic armed revolt,to resist all kinds of foreign aggression,various behavior of officers and soldiers in military life,and what changes had taken place on the channel of Sanding groups to participate in local military life,all of these have become the focus of the inspection.Jilin-Heilongjiang Region’s officers and soldiers participated in many major war,and made a great contribution in maintain the Qing regime and keep peace and security in the territory on the control.More research are being carried out to expose many phenomenon that appeared in the Manchu and Han Bannerman’s military life during the late Qing dynasty,Such as long-standing serious drawbacks in the conscription work and military training for soldiers,the attenuation of the combat capability,officers and soldiers habitual absenteeism and practicing favoritism had happened frequently,many disturbing things are done by officers and soldiers,even many soldiers and the attendants escape from camp.On this basis, try to explore the deep mechanism.Finally, by summing up three negative effects in non-economic aspects, revealing the Manchu and Han Bannerman whom paid a heavy price in the late Qing military life.These three effects are:Bannermen have little chance of promotion if they without a good family background, they took on too much servants,Officers and soldiers suffered heavy casualties.Chapter Ⅲ,the Bannerman and sanding groups engaged in agricultural production conditions in Jilin-Heilongjiang region during the late Qing dynasty.In this chapter,section 1 will discuss two issues:The profile of the Banners occupied uncultivated land voluntarily and carried out independent farming activities,the attitude of the central government the local government and the local general Bannerman treated the refugee under the prohibition policy.Section 2, the research will focus on the attitudes and responses of the three groups described above whom deal with the Government’s uncultivated land reclamation reform in Jilin-Heilongjiang Region duiring late Qing dynasty.Section 3,will use the historical dialectics to analyze the favorable and unfavorable effects in the economic life of the Officers and soldiers classes general Bannerman families that brings by the government’s uncultivated land reclamation reform.Section 4,will discuss Sanding groups engaged in agricultural production conditions,especially do a comparative study about the development and changes in late qing dynasty.Chapter Ⅳ, the Bannerman and sanding groups engaged in non-agricultural production conditions in Jilin-Heilongjiang region during the late Qing dynasty.Section 1 will inspect on the prosperous and decay of the Bannerman official and private equine industry,and try to reveal the underlying causes of the decline of the Bannerman private equine industry after XianFeng period.Section 2 will focus on pannage and pasture cattle,Both of them are the most common household livestock production activities,a qualitative analysis of what happened on the occasion of the late Qing both livestock production activities.Make an analysis on a qualitative change occurred in both of the household livestock production activities.Section 3 focus on the spring and autumn collection activities.During the inspection,the Bannerman and sanding groups will be merged to conduct investigations.By analyzing and summarizing the spring and autumn collection native species and changes in the use of local products,trying to find some significant changes to its features.Section 4,will focus on the Manchu Bannerman’s traditional economic activities-hunting and fishing.Through a comparative analysis about phase differences between the Bannerman and sanding groups engaged in hunting and fishing,it can explore the deep-seated causes of the decline of fishing and hunting in the late Qing dynasty.Section 5,by exploring the Bannerman and sanding groups engaged in the modern industrial and mining conditions in the late Qing dynasty,to tease out the new elements with time characteristics in the Bannerman and sanding groups engaged in non-agricultural economic production,and try to give the Bannerman a proper position in the local modern industrial and mining enterprise.Chapter Ⅴ, The emergence of livelihood issues in the Bannerman and sanding groups during the late qing dynasty.section 1 will do a general research on the living conditions about the Bannerman and sanding groups before a series of large-scale war outbreak in Xianfeng period.And a viewpoint is put forward:large-scale livelihood problems haven’t appeared yet before Xianfeng period, section 2 will reveal some historical facts about deterioration of livelihoods since Xianfeng period,such as many soldiers living in poverty, the Bannerman no land or less,lack of family expenses and so on.section 3 will concludes two living advantage that be enjoyed by the Bannerman and sanding groups Within long time during Qing dynasty:a vast fertile land uncultivated,and priority access to land ownership opportunities.Thus pointed out that the serious livelihood problems has not yet occurred in late Qing dynasty,it is a historical fact that the average family can still achieve satiation probably.On this basis, do a variety of comparison within groups and external on the living problems,and finally summarizes three remarkable characteristics:the living conditions of the Bannerman lived in Jilin-Heilongjiang region are better than in Peking and other provinces during the late Qing dynasty,the living conditions of the Bannerman lived in Jilin-Heilongjiang region are also better than in Fengtian,the Sanding groups’living conditions are better than the Bannerman lived in Jilin-Heilongjiang region.section 4 will talk about the destruction of war, the rise of prices, income decreases, Errands and fatigue are too much,the influence of natural disasters,and the mechanism of these five factors play a role in livelihood issues in the Bannerman and sanding groups during the late qing dynasty.Then put forward,the reform no significant effects on "Army-first Policy" ruling system is the root cause of the Bannerman and sanding groups livelihood problems.this ruling system had existed for a long time in Jilin-Heilongjiang region during the Qing dynasty,unfortunately, the social environment has undergone a fundamental change during the late Qing dynasty. |
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