Analysis Of The System Of Civil Servants In Russia

The civil servant system is essential to every country’s political system. There is no exception to this in Russia. The modern civil servant system in Russia is dated back to the Czarist Russia (initiated by Peter the Great) in 18th century with The Official Rank set up, which, as the first modern civil servant system, was not changed until the "October Revolution" in 1917 when Bolshevik party leaded by Lenin founded the first socialist country. After the establishment of Soviet coalition government, "public servant" was taken place by "cadre" and the civil servant system was set up. After the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991, Russia faces great challenges on the civil servant system. On December 22,1993, Russia’s President issued a standard bill applying civil servant system organization in Russia, The Approval Instructions on the Federal Official Duty Plan. In order to be perfect, the civil servant system was rectified and reformed consecutively in 1995,2003 and 2004. Therefore, after the Soviet Union’s collapse, Russia’s civil service system underwent a series of rectification. So to speak, Russia established a new set of public service system after adopting a series of measures and regulations.In recent years, along with the development of Russia’s social economy, the civil servant system has developed continuously and gradually corresponded to its political system. However, there are still problems to be solved on which many scholars have studied, such as the general overstaffing in organizations for civil servants and the increasing corruption. The corruption among the civil servants in Russian Far East has made China and other countries take a wait-and-see attitude towards investments on this region, affecting the national image of Russia as a whole. Therefore, it is important to study on Russia’s civil system.In today’s Russia, civil servants system includes the following parts:the administrative service, military service and power protection. In addition, studying on the concept of "civil servants", we can draw a conclusion that civil servants can be divided into federal civil servants and national civil servants under the federal administration; and military service and rights protection service are the duties of the federal civil servants. The establishment of the Russian civil servants system has experienced three stages of development, The Official Rank of the national civil official system in the Russian Empire era, The Position List of National Cadres of the national cadre system in the Soviet union period and the contemporary Russian civil servants system. Russian national civil servants system inherits some legal traditions of the national civil official system in the Russian empire and the national cadre system model in the Soviet Union period. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia’s civil servants system went through a series of changes, reaching perfectness and maturity. Since the reform of the Russian civil servants system, great changes have taken place, but there are still some problems to be solved, such as the cooperation between the national civil servants system and civil society to be strengthened, civil servants’corruption to be prevented.Under basic understandings mentioned above, the author will study the Russia’s civil servant system in the following aspects. First, in terms of history, the development of Russia’s civil servant system can be divided into the public servant system in Czar Russia era, the cadre system in Soviet Union and civil servant after collapse of the Soviet Union. Second, the civil servant system in the Russian Federation at present will be underlined, introducing its establishment, development and current situation, answering the legal questions about civil servant system, studying the civil servant and state organs together. Third, at the basic of comprehensive interpretation of Russia’s civil servant system, a study will compare it with those of Britain, America and China.The are five sections with seven chapters. In the introduction of the first section, it is mainly about the raise of questions, the research overview at home and abroad and the analysis and statement about research view, techniques and framework. The key concepts in civil servant system involving in the text will be studied as well, pointing out the significant variable for the analysis of Russia’s civil system. The chapter one in the second section is about the origin of the Russia’s civil system, specificlly discussed the arise of civillian officials and initial shaping of official system, the issue of The Offical Rank, the establishment of regulations on national civil service official and the characteristics and development of the national civilian official system in the Russian Empire era. Chapters two, three and four in the third section discussed respectively the establishment, development and current situations of civil servant system in Russian Federal, explanations on the laws about civil servant system and the functions of state organs. In the five chapter in section four, it mainly analyzes the researches on Russia’s civil servant system compared to those of America and China. In the conclusion in the five section, summarization and conclusion about the paper are made.According to the research design, this paper is studied in terms of history which is the principle line from the Cazar Russia to the former Soviet Union. The current national civil servant system of Russian Federation has been gradually developed from the original civilian officials and system of officials, the issue of The Official Rank, and national cadre system in the Soviet Union. Five research techniques are adopted in this paper:the combination of history with comments, legal interpretation, functional analysis, case analysis and comparison.Generally speaking, the paper mainly analyzes the basic development of national civil servant from the collapse of Soviet Union to nowadays. The current Russia’s civil servant system will be studied with its history and current situation, the legal basics and their relationship with national organs as the factors, especially studying the legal interpratation of it in details. It also states at length the employ, removal, transfer, and classification of civil servants, the system of Russia’s civil servant training, retraining and quality promotion, and corruption prevention. A series of necessary reforms is indicated in the process of these studies. For instance, we hold the opinion that it is necessary to make reference to the approach of Hong Kong where self-governed Anti-Corruption Commission is set up. At the same time, we also propose the establishment of the financial police in Russia like Kazakhstan.As mentioned above, conclusions can be made. First, the establishment and perfection of national civilian official system in the Russian Empire era had underwent a long period. From the original official rank to the formation of system, under the polices of national organs with central powers, the huge empire had accomplished the transformation from the feudal traditional administration system to the advanced and rational administration from the west by a series of reforms. The establishment of national civilian official system had been constructed step by step and it was finally perfected through selection, cultivation and supervision of officials and relevant systems such as security system. Second, the core of the political system in Soviet Union was cadre system, which was a guarantee system for power in the form of organization under the one-party system. The formation of Soviet cadre system was on the basic of the highly-centralized system. The structure and form of Bolshevik party had laid the political foundation for cadre system. Being in power, Bolshevik party established one party rule and party power concentration and absorbed the powers outside the party as well, taking control of the national public instruments. Therefore, political system featured by one part rule was formed. At the early Bolshevik days, the high concentration of powers was began with the implementation of cadre appointment system, depending on the appointment way of cadres. Thus, the cadre system had become an important organization approach for the party to gain and control powers. In the political progress of Soviet Union, the formation, development and transformation of cadre system had played a great role, which is important for the studying on rise and fall of Soviet Union. Third, in Russian Period, the national civil servant system had been established with the issue of Russian Federation National Principle Law on Official Duty, Russian Federation National System Law on Official Duty and Principles on Russian Federation National Official Duty. After a series of rectifications and reforms, it had been increasing perfect and mature. The establishment and perfection of Russia’s official duty system are of great significance to the following national development of Russia. Fourth, Russsia may learn from the civil servant systems of main countries at present such as Britan, Amieria and China among which commonness as well as differences are founded after comparision, yet there remains improvement.In conclusion, it is hoped that this paper can be useful for the relevant researches on the national civil servant system in Russia after the callapse of Soviet Union.