Japanese Local Municipalities And Basic Entities In Reform Era

Japanese prefectures and city-town-village referred to as local Basic Entities, among city-town-village for local infrastructure autonomous body. Through a systematic introduction to local governments and research, autonomous body on the basis of the latest changes made to the latest elaborate further on the characteristics of local government system for systematic conclusions. Papers from the merger of cities as the starting point, the overall grasp of local self-government system, and then the problems merger of cities and development for systematic summary, while also focusing on the combined basis of local government introduced new content and comments. Particularly for local self-government bodies based on the meaning of autonomy, self-government body, the rural administration, development trends of key research.This paper puts forth an express opinion that the problem existing in the integration of city-town-village of the basic entity results from inadequate national right protection and ineffective local organization operation. And the system origins from great changes of objective environment and social form about the setting-up of village self-governing system, which requires to build effective democratic mechanism and promote democracy in all aspects. Finally, this paper sums up the social stable mechanism that has formed in Japanese rural area.Firstly, reformatory local public entity. The reformation of the local public entity before and after the war and the operation of the local public entity system in contemporary times are utilized to explain that the basic entity is both a real and theoretical problem specially concerned by people. Based on the previous research, this paper attempts to make a new summary on the new development and new features of the basic entity, further expand and deepen theoretical research on the basic entity, and further strengthen the recognition on the features and regularity of Japanese rural social development.Secondly, Local infrastructure autonomous body combined. This paper will begin from city-town-village, and analyze its reasons from the three large scale mergences in the history. Promoting mergence of city-town-village in accordance with law has increased local activation and reflected democracy. This paper explains the development tendency of rural basic entity and the necessity, inevitability as well as its foundations and conditions of city-town-village mergence during the process of new countryside construction, meanwhile, through summary of historical reviews and historical experience, it provides some inspirations for current construction of the local public entity.Thirdly, the subject composition of the basic entity. The subjects contain residents, chief magistrate, and parliament. How does Japan define a resident? It can know about their legal status from their residents’ rights and obligations as well as right of claims; know about the residents’living conditions from their life goals and political consciousness; production and business management are the main part of residents’ life, therefore, under the guidance of the agricultural administration department and agricultural association, the basic agricultural association is responsible for directing its members to make production and business operation, summarizing how the countryside can unite various professional agricultural associations together to promote modern agricultural technology, enhancing management, reducing cost, and improving economic efficiency to improve the quality of goods and farm products, increase accumulation, and expand reproduction based on the background of national agriculture and rural policies.For the chief administrative officer of Parliament. Papers from the chief administrative officer of Parliament to play a role in the municipal perspective, to understand their mode of service for the residents as well as the relationship between them. The basic entity’s organization can be understood from the mergence of city-town-village:including organizational orientation, nature orientation, functional orientation, organizational structure, setting and operational mechanism, personnel allocation, job responsibility, economy, election system, participation system, and supervision system, and other aspects. These two subjects make standard manipulation on the new-type basic entity’s management mechanism as well as general system structure and principles. This paper also attempts to put forward alternative system modes for parliament reformation according to different social development levels and conditions in different areas.Fourthly, the effects after the mergence of city-town-village. Examples are given to analyze the effects after the mergence of city-town-village based on the above statements. After the comparison of population, households, and population density’s alteration before and after the mergence, the result concluded is that regional depopulation, baby bust, and ageing of population has further expanded. The reason is that after mergence both the public service and function of the local public entity are reduced, the distance from home to workplace becomes farther, and workers feel lonely, all of which result in staff turnover, reduction and abolishment of preferential policies, rural children’s education problems, decreasing of young people, more serious baby bust, etc.. Besides, hometown returners turn to new activities, and they utilize their new thoughts to develop economy, meanwhile, they begin a contest with those who advocate mergence. It is a concerned problem about the local public entity to analyze the above mentioned phenomena, find out their inner relationship, and understand general regularity about their development.Fifthly, the administration of the basic entity after the mergence of city-town-village. From macroscopic views, the contents of public service can be divided into two major parts, namely, the society’s self-service, and public service of the basic entity. During the operation of the basic entity, strengthening the basic entity’s service responsibility, well dealing with the relationship between the society’s self-service, and public service of the basic entity, and realizing the effective connection and positive interaction between residents’ self-governance and the basic entity’s public service is a crucial problem urgent to be solved. This paper will discuss how to realize the combination of government’s administration by law and residents’ self-governance by law, the combination, condition, mechanism, and security of government’s public management and society’s self-management as well as the coordination mechanism of public service provided by the basic entity and society’s self-service.Sixth, the future direction of the grassroots local government. After the merger appeared on the plight of small-scale village, insufficient funds, a new way of operating issues such as how to solve. Some experts proposed merger where the basic local government a new development trend in decentralization reform local basic local government may be divided into "centralized integration" type basic local government and "decentralization decentralized" type basic local government, in the future these two different types of basic local government whether there between bouts contest around the reasons for targeted analysis. For large cities, if you do not take the split organizational restructuring, it is difficult to promote genuine collaboration resident autonomy and residents.Sixthly, the future development tendency of the basic entity. Concerning the development of some small scale villages’ difficult situations, economic problems, and new operational modes, some experts put forth the new development tendency of of the merged the basic entity. In the reformation of decentralization, the basic entity may be divided into "centralized integration" types basic entities and "authority powers of decentralized" types basic entities. It is still unknown whether there will be a contest between these two different kinds of basic entities, these two different types of the future between the local governments based on whether there is contest, contest around the reasons for targeted analysis. If organizational restructuring is not segmentation type organized, real resident self-governance and resident coordination will be difficult to promote in large scale cities.Above all, the paper discusses the content of the Japanese local commune inhabitants democratic management based on practice and activities, and improve the management system of the focus and direction.. Official combined research, understand local commune of administrative efficiency, investment priorities, urban scale expansion. The combined effect accelerated the hydrophobic, the aging and the country. Big city town service level raised, small old nobutaka belonging, public service level decreased, severe unequal sex. Staff to reduce, save the expenditure of the funds, the different administrative levels, widening the distance based commune and inhabitants. The reform direction of democratic management, perfect the management mechanism of official, according to the legal protection to let people have more right to know, regime of political debate, and supervision. Sound in the region from official activeness, promote residents autonomy of institutionalization, standardization, procedural, strengthening the rural legal system construction, improve rural governance according to law, and many other problems. Meet ting the demand of people crowd’s growing political participation, for the new rural construction in the democratic management system for reference to legislation and decision-making. Although research lack of sufficient theoretical support, convincing enough. In view of the research of Japan’s modern local commune rural administration and rural autonomous summed up the experience, in order to promote the reform of rural autonomy and democratic management to provide the reference. Rural democratic reforms in China, and must not be achieved overnight in contemporary western countries the local autonomy of villagers’ autonomy, rural autonomy must be established in accordance with socialist characteristics. To improve the system of rural autonomy, to carry out the integration of urban development strategy to provide the reference value.