Research On High Education Social Policy

Since the new period, especially the ten years at the end of the last century, Chinesehigher education has made the development achievement which attracts the people’sattention. And there are three aspects of the development momentum that most peoplecommend. The first is accelerating the popularization of higher education. Since1999,the higher education of our country has entered a period of rapid development. In2002, higher education gross enrollment rate in our country was15%, indicating ourcountry is to realize the popularization of higher education. In2010the highereducation gross enrollment rate was26.5%, indicating the popularization of highereducation achieve further deep degree. The second is continuously improvement ofthe quality of higher education. Since the90’s of last century, higher educationmanagement department is mainly taking two measures to strengthen the qualitycontrol of higher education. One is the implementation of key development strategy,focused on building a high level university; under its impetus to our higher educationlevel rapidly overtake century level. Two is to implement "five years turn" of highereducation quality evaluation system of higher education quality, and theimplementation of the standardization of control. Three is deepening the reform ofhigher education system. On one hand, the government gradually change function,advance government school separately and continues to implement and expand theschool running autonomy of higher schools. On the other hand, accelerate theimprovement of Chinese characteristics of modern university system construction andperfect the corporate governance structure of higher schools.In order to ensure the sustained, healthy development of higher education, ourgovernment attaches great importance to the construction of long-term policy ofhigher education. So far, we have formed a relatively complete system of policy ofhigher education. China’s higher education policy system mainly includes:"generalpolicy" and "guiding specific areas of policy" in two aspects. In July2002, the statepromulgated the "national medium and long-term educational reform and development program"(2010-2020years), hereinafter referred to as "educationalprogram", in order to further deepen the reform of higher education system andperfect the higher education policies system laid the foundation for developmentpolicy, target, and task and working key. In June2012, the national Ministry ofEducation issued "the national education development in Twelfth Five Year Plan", todetermine the "12th Five-Year Plan", the education development guiding ideology,main goal and basic train of thought. Put forward to move or retreat to implement thestrategy of rejuvenating the country through science and strategy of talent powerfulnation, promote the priority of education development, scientific development, makeeducation more in line with the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristicson the need of talent training, more in line with the broad masses of the people on theeducational expectations, more in line with the trend of the times. More than twoprogrammatic documents for the future development of education in China pointedout the development.However, while the rapid development of China’s higher education developmentprocess, there are still some aspects that are not just as one wishes. From theperspective of social policy research, there have four aspects: one is more prominentwith the "college entrance examination" related higher education fair starting pointproblem. The second is the difficult problem of employment of College students. Thethird is the financial difficulties student’s higher education rights. The fourth is theprivate higher education and higher education of social organization developmentslow problem. The development of higher education in China is the short board at thehigher education policy, the imbalance between equity and efficiency problem. Othershave pointed out that:"the masses of our people to education equity and efficiencyconditions of satisfaction are not high. One of the reasons lies in the education policydid not handle the relationship with good equity and efficiency. To some extent,subject of educational policy value choice deviate society expect problems, mainly inthe main body of educational policy ’fair in light of’ value choice and social equity ineducation requirements have increased the gap."As an applied science, social policy research on social welfare contains strong value.After more than half a century of development, policy studies has become the subject of social science, policy studies in higher education is one of applications. While theemphasis on social policy value analysis feature is social policy studying soul. Inview of higher education and social policy exists and so on, the paper orientation inhigher education, social policy research; analysis framework for higher educationsocial policy value analysis, specific to the equity and efficiency value orientationanalysis. Higher education is to train high-quality talents, scientific research andsocial service of the basic functions. In the transition of economy and society underthe big background, higher education in promoting social progress and socialindividual development plays a very important role. Fair is good human ideal andeternal value pursuing. The fairness of higher education is an important part of socialfairness, but also the realization of social fairness and the important means and way.Therefore, the fairness of higher education has become the basic value orientation ofmodern higher education. Similarly, higher education’s public product characteristics,so that efficiency has become the basic value orientation of higher education. In viewof equity and efficiency is the basic value orientation of higher education, yet studiesof the relationship between cognitive always failed to reach an agreement, so thehigher education social policy by a series of evaluation must be based on equity andefficiency is the due meaning; and on this basis put forward analysis of highereducation social policy and action theoretical framework.It was considered in this article that the higher education social policy had not been aperfect system, the first reason of which was there was not definite area of highereducation social policy, and university students’ employment policies had not beenincluded in. Secondly, some policies had obvious remedial characteristics, and thesubjects, contents and action mode were not according to the theoretical principles ofsocial policy. Thirdly, it was not act in concert with each other in the contents ofpolicies. Meanwhile, the higher education social policy acting now had been faragainst the value orientation of equity and efficiency, which weakened the effect ofimplementation of the policy. Therefore, it was proposed to build a balanced systemon equity and efficiency in the higher education social policy. As the basic text forcurrent education policy,"educational program" in equity and efficiency orientationhas some shortcomings. First of all, it is the education fair cognition and orientation deviation. The first, education policy refers to "equity" meaning narrow, do notdistinguish between the various levels of education fair education degree, the sense ofreducing the fair standard. The second, education policy and strategic objectives ofthe connotation of each other turn down. Specifically, the connotation of workingguiding principle is relatively narrow and "education plan" period (2010-2020years)for the strategic goal more broadly, between the two logical confusion. Secondly, thelack of new situation effective measure to promote equity in education, popularizationof higher education and diversified background, and how to promote the equity ofhigher education with. Furthermore, some policy still follows the first valueorientation. As adhere to the "focus" of development strategies invested a largeamount of resources and establish "a first-class university". On the private highereducation higher education, occupation and educational organization concerns did notrise to the proper height. These policies threaten fair. Therefore, this paper presentsthe balance between equity and efficiency of higher education in the view of socialpolicy system.This paper argues that, higher education social policy should be based on the balancebetween equity and efficiency as the goal. Wraparound rise have three meanings: first,equity must be of higher education social policy main value orientation, equity is theabsolute, the first is the higher education social policy target, resource allocation andoperation mode of the common value choice. Second, higher education social policyshould also pay attention to efficiency. On one hand, higher education resourcesthrough market mechanism to configure efficiency, market mechanism as the basicvalue. On the other hand, higher education social policy to solve the social problemsmust use certain social resources. Reasonable configuration resource, reasonableresources to get satisfactory policy effect is social policy designers, implementers andbeneficiaries of the common goal. Therefore, the higher education social policiesmust balance efficiency. However, the efficiency of social policy orientation of highereducation is relative, dependent. When there is a conflict of equity and efficiency,efficiency must be subject to the fair. Each specific higher education social policy hasunique efficiency standards, local efficiency cannot represent the whole is efficient. Inthird, the so-called equilibrium between equity and efficiency, it is necessary to achieve such an ideal state, in the true fair at the same time, achieve maximumefficiency. Higher education and social policy to avoid equity-efficiency and poorcondition, strive to achieve equity efficiency good-good condition. Higher educationpolicy is a policy system, each of a specific policy to seek the balance between equityand efficiency. General evaluation of higher education policy, namely fair good or fair,efficiency is good or poor efficiency is not objective, should be a concrete analysis ofconcrete problems.The article had three parts. The first part is introduction; the second and third chaptersfocused on theoretical analysis; from the forth to the seventh chapters, it analyzedfour parts of higher education social policy according to the framework of equity andefficiency, and then proposed to improve the basic idea of the higher education socialpolicy in China which was based on the realistic thinking. This study’s researchpriorities and core ideas include:Firstly, it was redefined the meaning of the social policy of higher education and itspolicy areas. In this paper, the definition of higher education social policy was notmaking policy object only on the higher education educated form all educated; butredefined object of policy and value orientation and other factors of higher educationsocial policy according to the characteristics of vulnerable groups in the field ofhigher education. Furthermore, the social policies of higher education was dividedinto three levels based on the value of equity and efficiency: First, the micro-level,higher education funding policy; second, medium-level, including higher educationadmissions policies and college students employment policy; third, macro-level,including higher education fiscal policy, development policy, school policy and theeducation quality policy; in the macro-level, government fiscal policies were the mainresearch in this article.Second, it was raised that improved the analytic framework of higher education socialpolicy with the aim of balancing equity and efficiency. First, to determine the positionof the higher education social policy in the value orientation of equity and efficiency,and the balance between equity and efficiency was the basic value orientation; butequity orientation should take precedence over efficiency; thus, the balance betweenequity and efficiency is only an ideal state; in reality, the balance could only be dynamic. Second, it sum up the peculiar norms of the balance between equity andefficiency in the area of the higher education fiscal policy, higher education studentfinance policy, higher education admissions policies, university students employmentpolicy and so on.Third, the article concerned about the overall development of higher education,proposed the construction of higher education social policy must follow the regularpattern and trends of the development of higher education. The development ofhigher education in the fundamental policy completely fit the balance between equityand efficiency value orientation. Among them, the popularization of higher educationand diversified development, and constantly improve the quality of education, thetransformation of government functions is to promote the train of thought of theequity in higher education. Implementation of university autonomy and the promotionof educational organization development are to improve the efficiency of. At the sametime, higher education and social policy must be balanced economic and socialdevelopment general rule, in the transformation of the mode of economicdevelopment and the social development under the background of the playing anirreplaceable role. In addition, the higher education social policy research need to useat present the most popular social policy theory and method. Social policy fordevelopment theory and the analytical framework on the construction of highereducation social policy theory lays a reliable theoretical basis. The moderateWhitney-type theory of social policy for the balance between equity and efficiencyprovides the perfect theoretical basis.Fourth, as for existing higher education social policies, it presented value-orientedanalysis toward equity and efficiency. First of all, the whole country’s highereducation fiscal policy had a prominent binary feature; there was an imbalancebetween equity and efficiency. Along with this, it was developed several basicprinciples as well as some policy frameworks to establish fiscal policy of highereducation with an equilibrium of equity and efficiency. Firstly, it was necessary toestablish higher education funding model for public and private colleges anduniversities; secondly, based on a financial investment-orientation, we shouldvigorously develop social contributions, reasonably control the burden of personal tuition and establish a diversified investment mode in the true sense; the third was toreform the funding mechanism to improve the efficiency of the funding andsupervision. Second, it revealed a notable performance of the imbalance of equity andefficiency in the current Student Financial Aid Policies; that was, the value orientationemphasized too much on efficiency and the Government passed its responsibility onhigher education funding to financial institutions and employing units. As a result, theoverall of personal tuition burden had not been improved significantly by establishingfunding policies. According to this background, it presented a basic idea to build ahigher education funding policy with fair-efficient balance: First, the governmentshould bear the primary responsibility in various forms; second, the subsidy policymust focus on the students who is really short of money, and cover all students justneeded funding; third, it was necessary to adapt a Pratt&Whitney as well asselective-type policy model; fourth, the students funded projects should cover thevarious needs of college students, and achieved a number of functions. Third, itanalyzed deficiencies of existing higher education enrollment system in the equityand efficiency. It argued that the college entrance examination system in the basicmode of “provincial proposition, scores accordingly” has been unable to take intoaccount the equity and efficiency, and it is difficult for the current independentrecruitment policy to change this inherent defect. Along with these problems, it wasdeveloped several advices for higher education admissions policies, includingestablishing a system of separation between examination and recruitment; using awide range of independent recruitment mechanism and improving the role ofadmissions society organizations. Fourth, in combing the content of college students’employment policies, analyzing their employment characteristics in recent years, aswell as exploring the effect of policy implementation, the dissertation proposed tobuild a fair-efficient equilibrium in Students’ employment policies. The major pointsinclude: establishing policy systems for students from their school time topost-graduate time, with policy objectives took into account the expansion of jobs andimprove college students’ employability; transforming government functions at themacro level, affirming the employment policy to employment-oriented andentrepreneurship supplemented; focusing on the unemployment registration and protection to school leavers. Establishing the balance between equity and efficiencyof higher education social policy should take into consideration the macro and microlevels. In macro view, higher education social policy and social politics, economy andculture, all kinds of external social need is benign and interactive. The governmentshould take in the higher education policy leading responsibility, on one hand,different groups and different project between the rational allocations of resources ofpublic welfare; on the other hand, effectively promote and maintain the marketmechanism in the allocation of resources to the basic role. Social policy in highereducation equity and efficiency orientation must achieve equity and is a basicprinciple and primary principle, and the importance of policy in the operation of themacro efficiency and micro efficiency, make the limited public resources as much aspossible to generate social benefits, in each link and level greatly improve the equityof higher education degree. At the micro level, the higher education of social policy inaddition to and from their own policy goals, create policy orientation in equity andefficiency orientation harmony. And between the policies should also be mutual andharmonious, mutual complement, maintain and the development of higher education,the general requirements of new period social policy objectives, principles, valueorientation and system elements of coordinated.