Comparative Research On Chinese Wushu And Japanese Budo

The origin of Chinese Wushu can trace back to human’s primitive struggle for life in a hostile world, and·various forms and relevant functions have emerged with the evolution of human being, the birth of states in a political meaning, the progress of science and technology, and the changes of societies. Chinese Wushu system is represented by Wushu Taolu, Wushu Sanda, Taichi Tuishou, and Wushu Duanbing, and it is still progressing forward, adapting the social development or in a forward-looking way. Nowadays with the acceleration of globalization, Wushu is also progressing rapidly, in spite of some criticisms. We need to have an open mind and objective perspective, which requests us to widen our horizon. In Japan across the ocean, Japanese Budo also has experienced thousands of years of development and setbacks. Japanese Budo system is represented by Judo, Kyodo, kendo, Sumo, Karate, Aikido, Shorinjikempo, Naginata and Jukendo. Take "SportAccord Combat Games2010Beijing" for example, there are thirteen games——Judo, Jujitsu, Karate, Taekwondo, Kendo, Sumo, Aikido——and6of them are from Japan. Chinese Wushu has a long history and rich content, which is out of reach for Japanese Budo, however, the latter is nowadays exerting remarkable influence in Japan and the whole world. For Chinese Wushu researchers, it’s time to put it on agenda to conduct research on the overall development and its development rule of Japanese Budo. One does not have a voice without conducting any research or investigation. The reader will have a good knowledge of Japanese Budo through the dissertation, meanwhile understand the status of Chinese Wushu——the dissertation takes the Japanese Budo as the object of reference, which has the similar cultural basis with Chinese Wushu. In order to understand the development of Chinese Wushu and Japanese Budo on the whole, based on Marxism, the dissertation uses the academician Qian Xuesen’s Open Complex Giant System Theory and the perspective of structural functionalism, integrates three hierarchy cultural theory into System Theory, brings out the three hierarchy cultural model based on micro-open primary complex system (see1.2.2.3, short for "System" in the following text), conducts the comparison between Chinese Wushu and Japanese Budo, and draws a conclusion as follows through literature consultation, self-experience-based perspective, comparative approach, interview, and macro analysis in the perspective of Complexity Science’s philosophical thinking:(1)The dissertation brings out the concept "the first nature" and "the second nature" and their dialectic relations from the perspective of development epistemology.(2) The system of Modern Chinese Wushu and Japanese Budo has been formed according its own social background and based on its own historical conditions.(3)The samurai society lasting nearly700years from Heian Age to the end of Edo age creates favorable conditions for the development of Japanese Budo.(4)Chinese Wushu was regarded as national cultural quintessence in historical conditions in late Qing and early Min Dynasty.(5)The System holds that the elements of Chinese Wushu include Wushu Taolu, Wushu Sanda, Wushu Duanbing and Taichi Tuishou, but these elements cannot be regarded as independent elements——although the four items are systematic to a certain extent in the layer of material and technique(物器技术层),they do not have their own independent layer of core culture and spirit (核心文化层);and layer of custom system(制度习俗层).(6)The System holds that the elements of Japanese Budo include Judo, Kyodo, kendo, Sumo, Karate, Aikido, Shorinjikempo, Naginata, Jukendo, traditional Wushu, and their structures all result from the interactions among layer of core culture and spirit, layer of custom system and layer of material and technique; and the overall structure is a higher huge system of bigger layer of core culture and spirit(Bushido), layer of custom system(Budo agreements) and layer of material and technique(Budo nine projects.(7)Modern Chinese Wushu has been formed from the top down, while Modern Japanese Budo is formed from the bottom up.(8)The development of Chinese Wushu is severely overemphasizing some items, while Japanese Budo has been developing systematically.(9)Modern Chinese Wushu is comparatively inclined to hetero-organization than self-organization, while Japanese Budo system comparatively inclined to self-organization than hetero-organization.(10)Modern Chinese Wushu is weak in developing as a whole, while the developing status "whole emergence" of Japanese Budo is obvious.(11)The cultural heritage of Chinese Wushu is missing. The dissertation brings out the suggestion as follows:from the perspective of systematic developing, we can find that the construction of Japanese Budo system is complete, and what it needs to face is how to concentrate to cope with the challenges and problems the globalization has brought, with constantly perfecting its own system. And the construction of modern Chinese Wushu system is incomplete. Based on the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Chinese Wushu needs to give full play to its own advantages, adhere to reductionism and the highly-integrating development trend, use the research methods of complexity sciences, in order to conduct research on relevant traditions and reflect upon itself, to be creative in the research methodology based on the current Wushu status, and to extend the methodology system of Wushu research. Besides, Chinese Wushu needs to seize the opportunity of the contemporary cultural prosperity, draw lessons from the experiences of other countries, catch up with social trend, and concentrate to improve its own system while coping with challenges and problems, in order to facilitate the transition from Chinese Wushu to Chinese Wuxue, give to its play to its educational function, and contribute to the social development.