The Evolution And Optimization Of Sports Facilities Policy In China

Sports facilities is the most important material foundation for the comprehensive implementation of the National Fitness Program and the promotion of equalization of public sports services. The construction and development of the sports facilities cannot be done successfully without the guidance and standardization of its relevant policies. By adopting the methods such as the historical research approach, literature review approach, the author first makes a literature review on the development and changes of the sports facility policies from the late Qing Dynasty to now on the basis of the macro-understanding of the external environment on the sports facility policies, from which the evolution of the sports facility policies is demonstrated. Then the author gives an evaluation on the characteristics of sports facility policies in different historical periods. At last the author puts forward some optimal suggestions on the sports facility policies in China by borrowing some useful experiences on the construction and development of the sports facility policies abroad.The research conclusions are as follows:1. The evolution of sports facility policies from the late Qing Dynasty to now is divided into seven stages with the guidelines of physical education field as a main line, the relevant sports facility policies, laws and regulations as a letitude and the time as a longitude.2. The period from the late Qing dynasty to the Republic of China:under the political, economic, military and culture with strong semi-colonial and semi-feudal historical background, the sports facility policies have experienced a process from the initiative stages, developing stages and preliminary perfect stages. The characteristics are limitation in policy implementation, militarization, educational value, gradually standardized and institutionalized, the difference of subjective goals, the consistency of objective implementation. National Sports Act has provided a guide for China’s government to implement the regulations of "to direct physical education and to construct PE facilities according to the law".3. The period of socialist transformation:Under the background of the political implementation of the People’s Congress System under the leadership of the proletarian, the economical performance of diversified policies with the state economy as the main parts, the cultural establishment of an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, national, scientific and popular culture, the sports facilities policy-making took it as the purpose "to serve the people, national defense and national health". The policy formulation has adopted the top-down elite mode. The features of the policies are empiricism, militarization and all-population participation. The advocating policies have gradually changed to the operating policies. The implementation of policies is planned, mandatory and powerful.4. The period of socialist construction:Under the background of the gradual omnipotent administration of Chinese government and personal leader, the simplification of economic structure and the planning of economic development, the "cultural revolution" in the cultural field, a mode of sports facility policy development was formed correspond to the planned economic system, and a program of sports facility policy implementation was carried out consistent with the political movements. The policy formulation has also adopted the top-down elite mode. The features of the policies are all-population participation, grandeur leap, instability and saving for political movement. With the gradual establishment of the planned economic system, sports facility policies show a trend of centralization and multi-field development.5. The period of culture revolution:Taking "to rebel and to overthrow are justified" as the political mainstream which has made the whole society in a chaotic, dangerous and unbalanced situation, pauperization crisis as the economical background which was caused by the severe simplification of economic structure, the human resources crisis as the cultural background which was formed by the current autocratic cultural rules of "letting all the human being hold the same opinion", the sports has become an instrument for political movements, therefore, the sports facility policies have become something "virtual", some kind of "slogan" and "movement". The policies were also characterized with political motility and nihility, the implementation of sports facility policies has viewed as the execution of political movements.6. The period of historical transition:It was the time when the people’s congress system has been restored, the four cardinal principles have been adhered, socialist democracy and politics have been advocated, socialist legal systems have been improved in the political field; when the public ownership has become the dominant and the multiple ownership has been coexisted in the economic systems; when diversified cultural policies have been fulfilled with the combination of the democratic politics and "Double-hundred" policies under the unary guidance of Marxism. The policy formulation has also adopted the top-down elite mode. The policies were also characterized with educational and social values; the implementation of policies was rigid with the help of the administrative methods.7. The period of the reform and opening up:It was the time when our government has consolidated socialist and political system and established our party’s governmental route in political field; the socialist planned economy system has been formed in the economic field; the "Two Goals" policy-for the people and for the socialist construction and the "Double-hundred" Policy have been formed in the cultural field. Under such background, the policies have the characteristics of educational, social and local values. The formulation of sports facility policy has adopted the elite mode, which embodies trends of interaction and communication between the policy-makers and the policy-executors. The implementation of sports facility policies is flexible with the help of administrative methods.8. The period of socialist market economy:It was the period when the people’s congress system has been persisted, Chinese Communist Party has been the dominant leaders with the permission of other parties to co-govern China; when the system of socialist market economy has been formed in economic field; when the "Two Goals" policy-for the people and for the socialist construction and the "Double-hundred" Policy have been adhered in the cultural field. Under such a circumstance, the formulation of sports facility policies has adopted an integrated mode, which embodies the interaction and communication between the policy-makers and the policy-executors. The policies were also characterized with educational, social, regional, legal values. The policies focused on the legal effects, reflected people-oriented, people-serving. The implementation of sports facility policies has adopted economic and administrative means.9. From the late Qing Dynasty to the present, form the longitudinal development of policies historical process point of view, and closely related to Chinese national political interests, the changes of sport facility policies embody the trend of keeping pace with the times. With the change of the social institution, the political nature of the policy from strong to weak and gradually fade. The implementation of policies has adopted the top-down single mode, the pursuit of policies formulation has shifted from the state’s interest-focused to the human health-focused."To strengthen people’s physical fitness and to realize China’s national great renaissance" has always been the original goal of the construction of PE facilities and a main line of the sport facility policy development in our country. Form the horizontal development of policies change process point of view, the sports facility policies have some characteristics as following:policy-making form department-decentralized to across-department-synthesized, policies system gradually formed and stabilized, the natural of policies instrumental gradually penetrated, the nature of policies science constantly enhanced, the standardization of policies gradually strengthened, the rule of policies law gradually enhanced and so on.10. At present:Under the background of promoting social harmony, advocating people-oriented, focusing on sports fairness, emphasizing healthy living and realizing the great national renaissance, our sports facility policies are weak in level policy, sports facilities law, democratization of policy formulation, relevant policies such as financial rules, tax rules and energetic rules and so on.11. The author puts forward the importance of the status of sports facility policies in Chinese sports policies. Sports facility policies should be further consolidated and improved. The special laws on sports facilities should be set up quickly. The relevant evaluation systems should be added to improve the effectiveness of the sports facility policies. Sports volunteers should also be called for to participate in the managements of the sports facilities. At last, the Chinese characteristics of sports facility structure systems will be built and bettered in the near future.