On The Job-hunting And Employment Attitude Of Graduates From Colleges And Universities In Modern China

Abstract:Under the condition of publicized and market-oriented job-hunting and employment institution, the job-hunting and employment attitude of graduates from colleges and universities has an influential even decisive direct impact on prospects of their employment and on the fortune of their lives. Effectively guiding the job-hunting and employment attitude of the China’s universities/colleges students can get twofold results with half the effort in the effort to promote employment, so the research to the students’attitude in job-hunting and employment has not only vital theoretical value but also practical significance to the employment promotion. On the basis of hackling the relative existing research, the basic theories of the job-hunting and employment attitude of graduates from colleges and universities are supposed to be constructed in terms of concept, connotation, structures, properties, functions, types, and so on. Meanwhile empirical investigation has been gradually and continuously conducted about the status quo, the features, the impact factors of the job-hunting and employment attitude of graduates from colleges and universities and its influence on graduation quality, while aims at not only generalizing and condensing the formative mechanism of the employment attitude of graduates from colleges and universities, but also summarizing and putting forward countermeasures and suggestions for the measures to employment promotion.To the connotation, the job-hunting and employment attitude of graduates from colleges and universities is about the graduates’basic views and overall perception and attitudes towards job-hunting and employment. Job-hunting and employment attitude is one of the important componential parts and is one of the concrete manifestations of his attitude towards the world, life and values, which is in fact the idealized construction in mind resulting from the students own personal individual contact and participation in the employment-related practical experience. The job-hunting and employment attitude is a complex concept system, which internally embodies the students’job-hunting and employment attitude including the employment conditions, the employment values, the employment goals, the employment ethics, etc. and which is also externally closely related to the employment behavior and employment outcomes. That is why job-hunting and employment attitude has been becoming one of the research focuses and also one of the guidance subjects for the effort of ideological and political education and for the guidance in job-hunting and employment. The employment attitude’s own substantial properties include its expansibility, practicalness, otherness, and sociality, whose main functions include the following three aspects----forecasting function for the employment preparation, directional function for job-hunting behavior, and judgment function for the gains and losses in job-hunting and employment; it can be classified into diverse types from different perspectives and from different reference criteria.To learn the job-hunting and employment attitude of colleges/universities students, face-to-face sample interviews and surveys of questionnaires have been carried out among the graduates of the year 2013 in Hunan province, and 1,030 lawful case result has been collected; meanwhile through internet the same sample interviews and surveys of questionnaires have been conducted among graduates of the year 2014, which has regained 36,428 valid questionnaires. The results of statistics of the above two empirical investigations show that colleges and universities’graduates generally believe that their employability, physical appearance, psychological quality are competitive in job-hunting and employment; that the current job-hunting and employment actuality is not so severe as the society’expectation; that their employment purposes tend to be survival-social type; that the interviewees prefer to the stable as well as highly-paid jobs with more opportunities to promote their individual talents and to be promoted in position at the same time; that the colleges/universities-recommended employment in means, the urban employment in location, and the employment in state-owned units are the ideal choices for most interviewed graduates; that eighty percent graduates approve to apply honest ways in job-hunting and employment, who disapprove of slandering competitors, and that the interviewees’own strong career-choice autonomy have been proved in job-hunting and employment. Being measured and tested through the use of specialized statistics software testing and by the establishment of regression research model, the research hypothesis "the job-hunting and employment attitude of colleges and universities graduates’significantly affect the quality of job-hunting and employment, and has its predictive role" has been confirmed. During the analyzing process about the impact factors of the job-hunting and employment attitude and in order to avoid the influence and the complexity from external political, economic and social aspects, we have chosen colleges/universities graduates’personal properties in three aspects-----social capital, human capital, and psychological capital -----as the research’s theoretical perspectives and measurement dimensions. As a result, the research hypothesis "colleges and universities graduates’stock in social capital, human capital and psychological capital is significantly and obviously correlated with their job-hunting and employment attitude, which plays a predictive role during the process" has been confirmed.The formative mechanism on the job-hunting and employment attitude of graduates from colleges and universities is the complex of the operation rules in which its numerous factors and contradictions are related with and interact to one another. Concretely the graduates’formative mechanism on job-hunting and employment attitude can be summarized as the following threes theories -Environmental Effects Theory, Education Intermediary Theory, and Subjects’ Generative Theory. Environment is the external condition for the formation of job-hunting and employment attitude, which provide a realistic basis and sustaining condition for the formation of subjects’job-hunting and employment attitude for colleges/universities graduates. Society’s expectation which is represented by family influence, peer demonstrations, guidance of mainstream values and media’s dissemination and pilot and which influenced the graduates’job-hunting and employment attitude in an unconscious or mutated ways throughout the process, is one of the external directional guidance. Environmental Effects Theory observes the formative rules of the subjects’job-hunting and employment attitude and reflects the impacts and roles of external factors on job-hunting and employment attitude from the perspective of objective entities. Colleges and universities education is the intermediary to connect the social mainstream job-hunting and employment attitude and graduates’attitude, the achievement of the former social attitude leads the latter one mainly through the intermediary of colleges and universities education. Education Intermediary Theory focuses on how colleges and universities education through systematical infusion and other channels and means puts the ruling classes ideology into effect to dominate and regulate and control the graduates’job-hunting and employment attitude, and on how the social mainstream job-hunting and employment attitude transformed into graduates’individual job-hunting and employment attitude. Subjects’Generative Theory focuses on how the subjects endow themselves from the foundation stage to the demand-driven stage, to voluntary choice stage, to practical generation stage, and finally to gradual formation. Three organic mechanisms form a relatively independent but interrelated organic whole, which jointly answer the question of how graduates’ job-hunting and employment attitude comes into being. From the perspective of dialectical materialism, the factor of environment and education one of the social beings plays a decisive role for the formation of graduates’ job-hunting and employment attitude which is one of the social consciousness. Certain circumstances and education is bound to have a corresponding job-hunting and employment attitude; and certain job-hunting and employment attitude can be generated only in the corresponding environment. From the viewpoint of materialist dialectics, the factor of environment and education is just the external cause and the second most important factor for the formation of graduates’job-hunting and employment attitude. Meanwhile the decisive factor for the formation of graduates’ job-hunting and employment attitude comes from the graduates’intrinsic congenital foundation and later employment practices.To guide colleges and universities graduates to establish a scientific attitude in job-hunting and employment, on the macro-level, certain guiding ideology and basic principles should be clarified, which means that graduates should adhere to their beloved jobs or professions which are suitable to bring their talents into play, to promote integrative human happiness, and to adopt the honest way and so on. To meet the above requirements the following four aspects should be stuck to combination ---individual interests and collective interests, personal vision and social expectations, employment means and employment purpose, career choice and career promotion. On the meso-level, values and culture should be adhered as the guidance for the formation of graduates’job-hunting and employment attitude, cultural teaching and research organization should be enhanced, and socialism core values should be applied to guide graduates to establish the scientific job-hunting and employment attitude. On the micro-level, the graduates’professional recognition should be greatly promoted; the employability’quality and its cognition improving should be focused on; graduates need to be guided and encouraged to dialectically look upon and effectively use social capital, thus effectively improving the relevance and effectiveness of employment education guidance and innovating activity carriers of employment guidance education.