Study On China's Housing Policy During The Period Of Transition

Housing security problem is not only an important livelihood issue of China's long-term concerns, but also a common focus around the world. As early as in 1890, Britain enacted the "working-class residential Law", which opened a precedent housing safeguard social legislation. In 1919, British set "Housing Act". In 1894, French government established a mechanism to solve the low-income earners housing problems in the form of legislation, through strong policy interventions to solve the housing problems of low-income families. Mature market economy countries, such as the United States, Singapore, put forward the corresponding housing security system in the stage of accelerated urbanization, and achieved good protection effect. In 1934, the United States set the "Temporary Housing Act", and further added to the "Public Housing Act", provided that building public house for low-income families by the local government and funded by the central government. In 1964, the U.S. government began to encourage developers to build for low-income rental housing through preferential policies. Since 1973, the government began to inclusive the disperse low-income housing and improving the quality of the community into the housing policy, and proposed the policy centered by "demand side":Issue rent subsidy vouchers, every low-income families that the household income is less than the average family income in the region of 40% or less of the family can enjoy subsidies.No matter how much family income benefit, will pay 30% of household income for rent, and the rest of the rent will made up by the government through issued vouchers. In the 1950s,in order to solve the basic housing residents problem, especially low-income residents in the basic housing problem, the Singapore government set up HDB (HDB) and the Central Provident Fund Board (CPF).In 1955, the government established accumulation fund system, set up a bureau of the central provident fund to unified manage and use of accumulation fund saving, developed the "CPFAct", which provides that any employee or wage earners must pay a certain percentage of wages unified in the bureau of the central provident fund (80% used for purchasing house and insurance premium,12% for medical expenses,8% as a special fee, which enjoy old age retirement).In 1960, HDB (Housing Development Board, HDB) was estabished mainly responsible for the "house" set of planning, construction, operation and management, to ensure that the "home ownership" program actually implemented.As a socialist country, China has even more to protect the rights of citizens to live in a very prominent position. In 1996, on the UN Habitat Conference, the Chinese government said:"Everyone has the right to access to appropriate housing is a basic human right, and also an important content of people's right to subsistence and development."At present, China's housing security act has been included in the twelfth session of the standing committee of the National People's Congress legislation plan. China Housing Security Act covers urban housing security and rural housing security, making a detailed explanation about housing security standards and objects, housing construction standards, methods, financing and related policies as well.30 years before the founding of new China, the housing sector was completely controlled by the State, residents of housing require was unified supplied by the state, the required funds of finance housing supply came from the State. In 20 years from 1958 to 1977, due to the impact of "first production, life after", "the first rule of the slope, rear nest" and "left" ideology, the overall level of investment in China's housing infrastructure decreased. Although the per capita living space of urban exaggerated, but there have been many housing hardships. "World Urbanization Prospects (2009 Revision)" shows that the speed of urbanization in China over the past 30 years is faster than other countries. China's urbanization level has jumped from 19% in 1980 to 47% in 2010, is expected to reach 59% in 2025.In 1980, only 51 city in china has a population of more than 500,000.Since the 1990s, the number of cities over 500,000 population increased significantly from 1980 to 2010 for 30 years, a total of 185 cities across the threshold of a population of 500,000, In 2025, it is predicted that 107 cities will join in this category. According to the target of the 2020 China's urbanization reached 50%, the first 20 years of the 21st century, in the process of urbanization, China will solve the housing requirement problem of 332 million new urban population, therefore, establishing and improving the urban housing security system and solving the housing difficulties of low-income families in town, all above will become the inevitable choice of China's urbanization process.After the reform and opening up, with the start of China's housing reform, the housing problems of low-income residents in the city regain the attention of society, China's urban housing security system in the true sense has began to build.The object of China's housing security policy security is part of the urban population (including the resident population and transient population), along with the process of industrialization and accelerated urbanization, especially the rural surplus labor force and its support population transferred from the countryside to cities and large-scale enrollment of colleges and universities, significant changes have taken place in urban population structure, formed a group of migrant workers and college graduates, their own characteristics lead to their low income (some may be temporary).Relative to these foreign low-income groups (exogenous type of low-income groups), the city of the original low-income groups, referred to herein as endogenous type of low-income groups, these two groups constitute the object of study in this paper. Including migrant workers, university graduates and traditional low-income groups and shanty town residents in four parts.This paper is divided into six parts:The chapter ?, Introduction. Mainly elaborate the background, significance, analysis of ideas, methods and possible innovation.The chapter ?, the evolution of new China housing security system. This chapter describes our housing system changes and social housing supply system, analyze the characteristics of China's housing system, and finally summary the housing policy over the years.The chapter ?, the housing security system in developed countries. This chapter is divided into two parts, the first part analysis the housing security system in the United States, the second part analysis Singapore's HDB policies and analyzes the characteristics of Singapore HDB policies.The chapter IV, urban low-income housing exogenous type research. This chapter and the sixth chapter are the focus of the full text research, namely the housing security problems of urban low-income groups. The core issue of urbanization is rural surplus labor force and its support population transfer from the countryside to the city. The process of urbanization in fact is the process of farmers into citizens. The original structure of the urban population has changed, that the needs of groups of urban housing changes. This chapter study the urban low-income groups that exogenous migrant workers and college graduates housing security problems.The chapter V, studies on the endogenous type of low-income groups. Endogenous type of low-income groups, including traditional low-income groups as well as the residents shed change. The cause of the formation of the group is the historical legacy, also the focus of the housing security policy object in the past for a long time. With the speeding up of urbanization process, its priority has been challenged by urban housing security exogenous low-income groups, solving their housing problems become more complex, which is the study of this chapter.The chapter VI, policy advices and research prospects. How to further improve the housing security policy during China's transition period, to solve the problem of affordable housing puts forward policy Suggestions on eight aspects:(1) Scientifically define government's functions and positioning; (2) establish and improve housing security classification system; (3) improve dynamic management of affordable housing regulation mechanism; (4) improve the housing allocation regulation to ensure the fairness of allocation; (5) improve the protection of housing construction and management measures to improve process efficiency; (6) formulate measures to encourage low-income groups to buy commercial housing and prevent welfare generalization;(7) improve the housing market related policies, to support for affordable housing system; (8) explore innovation profit model of affordable housing. Finally, looking forward to China's housing security policy for the future.