| The eighteen session of the Third Plenary Session of the Communist Party of Chinese had passed the decision about "deepening reform of the overall number of major issues" (hereinafter referred to as the "decision") in November 12th,2013, the "decision" pointed out that "the overall goal of deepening the reform is to improve and develop the Chinese characteristic socialism system, promote national governance systems and governance capacity modernization". With the promotion of national governance systems and governance capacity modernization the new formulation, not only marks the governance theory is widely used in practice and in the study were studied, began as an effective strategy to promote the contemporary Chinese political, economic, social, cultural and ecological development of "five civilizations", officially entered the field national governance; at the same time, also means that the party is in office for more than sixty years especially the practice of reform and opening up thirty years of the summary and sublimation of basis, puts forward new goals and new historical mission has entered a new stage of socialist modernization. Any country governance is the governance of local historical and cultural resources and practice based on the local. In other words, any governance are "the practice of local governance". In the context of contemporary China, as an important place of rural reform and management innovation in the field of rural governance as a national governance practice of local governance system and the nerve endings, rural grass-roots governance modernization to promote national governance systems and governance capacity modernization plays a fundamental role, effective the degree of national governance systems and Governance capacity must be reflected through the rural grass-roots governance performance. Therefore, when we have to make every effort to promote the national governance systems and governance capacity modernization, on one hand, we must strengthen top-level design; on the other hand, we also should strengthen grass-roots exploration and practice about the modern transformation of the rural governance from the grass-roots level, so as to promote top-level design and basic research benign interaction with the organic combination. Then, which way should the transformation of rural governance go to in the modernization of national governance?If you want to know where to go, where long as bright. China is a big country with a long tradition of agricultural civilization, in the long historical process, has accumulated rich experience in the rural grass-roots governance, and formed many of the "Chinese characteristics" of the traditional system, the long-term social and historical formation and accumulation of institutional factors like human genes are normally growth in Chinese culture, constitutes a the origin of traditional rural system in china. Although the source of tradition do not play a decisive role in the modern development of rural society, but still will have a long-term impact on the modern rural society, it is a modern rural social system based on the "background" and system innovation fountainhead, regulate the rural base path layer of institutional change and institutional transformation direction. Therefore, when we are in the exploration and practice of rural governance modernization transformation, can not find a way out of suffering, in addition to look forward and look outside, in order to learn to use all the outstanding achievements of human civilization; more sensitive to reverse thinking, looking back, to explore and dig those grown in Chinese historical tradition, can regulation of rural governance system transition path and dominate the future of rural governance modernization of traditional origin of the type system, and gives the corresponding social conditions, to continue to have an impact, so that the transformation of rural governance to enter the "chain" development track, the rural governance system and establish a "Chinese characteristics" and "Chinese style".Therefore, this paper will study from a historical perspective, select the household system as the starting point, and takes India village system as the reference, the theory and method of historical institutionalism theory, analysis of two kinds of Oriental traditional generation system, historical changes and shape in the process of change of rural governance and the transformation of prototype on Rural Governance. Looking forward to review, based on review. Based on the household and village history of historical change and transformation system of rural governance, will once again on the "camera" to the reality, to examine the status of the home when the household system and the challenges facing the transformation of rural governance, and then based on the historical review and realistic consideration, try to put forward the conclusion and makes the theoretical conclusion towards the future practical policy recommendations, so as to shorten the history and reality, the reality and the future of the distance. Based on this, the main content of this paper is divided into three parts, the specific structure and content are as follows:Part A:Mainly in the sense index, through the related literature review, put forward to study the themes and ideas, and then find the tools and methods for the study of the theme of the theory, which lays the foundation for further research, including the introduction and the first chapter.Introduction. This part focuses on five sections, including the problem, research significance, research status quo, analysis of ideas and the definition of key concepts and innovation of this paper and inadequacies of intention, and so on.Chapter 1:Perspective, theory paradigm and methodology. This paper uses Migdal J.S "state in society" on the basis of the research path of "household and state" perspective, the historical institutionalism theory paradigm, and uses the method of historical and comparative analysis, induction and deduction method and the qualitative and quantitative research combined to analyze in this paper.Part B is the main body, including the second chapter to the five chapter.Chapter 2:Two eastern traditions:the origin of the village system and the household system. According to the historical institutionalism on methods of system theory, this chapter uses the method of historical analysis, vivid and complete description of the household and village system of the two generation of Oriental traditional system of history. Then, by using the method of comparison and induction, analysis the key factors leading to the formation of two kinds of traditional system. Through the analysis found that, in Chinese and India respectively by the public ownership on the basis of the primitive society to class society in the transitional process, due to the caste system in India society and religious thought into two, reinforce each other, mutual support, forming a tight, can effectively control and maintain the inequality of rank system and network thus, most in the form of the public ownership as the basis of the original village is preserved, part can be improved, thus formed a co ownership of family based, the lack of private ownership of land, the village system. In China, the specific natural environment and historical background of the formation of the clan system (thought), capacity, itself does not have the conflict effectively contained in its internal control and therefore, with the development of society and the improvement of productivity, the internal conflict, and the conflict continued, the institutional change demand; introduction thought Qin Shang Yang's reform, the household system, and establish a highly centralized regime, but also makes the family system was established and the promotion, therefore, the traditional family eventually in China rural society and continuation and development.Chapter 3:Path dependence:the prototype system of the traditional rural governance. This chapter according to the historical institutionalism "path dependence" theory, first analyzed the household and village system from the formation, development of their entering the path dependence of traditional rural society, as well as the shape of the plastic state. According to the analysis, the traditional shape in the family, the traditional Chinese rural society has become an independent individual households, but because of the low level of productivity, individual households can not get rid of the collective organization of independent existence, therefore, the individual household basis, forming a community of village family internal connection is loose, has autonomous color; In the village the traditional shape, India village also formed a support by caste and religion of the two core elements, a high degree of autonomy has a strict division of labor, social class, occupation behavior norms and collective consciousness or ideology, India village. But these two are essentially different, in the family system under the traditional form of traditional rural society in China, the family is the basic unit in the village; and the traditional shape of India traditional rural village is the basic unit of society. Followed by analysis of the governance of the prototype models in traditional rural society characterized by household and village system. In the traditional family system has shaped the Chinese village community, in the autonomous individual household basis, formed by the heads of households, village organization, leaders and the gentry as the governance subject, family between the horizontal and vertical coupling mechanism for governance network China rural governance prototype. By caste and religion two core elements of support from the India village, formed by the Panchayat system as the core of the prototype of India rural governance. Finally, through the comparative analysis of two kinds of rural society and rural governance in the shape of a prototype plastic household and village tradition that, overall, Chinese traditional village and India village has autonomy, but from the outside and the national relationship, autonomy of the village is higher than that of India Chinese traditional village, from the internal structure, the connecting mechanism of internal China traditional village India village. The connecting mechanism of internal governance, from the internal network, the autocratic India village inside is higher than that of China traditional villages.Chapter 4:Punctuated equilibrium:institutional change and the transformation of rural governance. This chapter according to the historical institutionalism "punctuated equilibrium" theory, the first analysis of China's traditional family system in the institutional change of the fracture, revival, and major transformation of rural governance in the process. Through the analysis found that, in the family system before fracture, hand because the household system its development dilemma caused by the "agricultural Involution" or "Involution", on the other hand, as a result of changes in the external environment impact, village and family community "shell" is broken, this layer of protective film shrouded in individual households on the fade, household system in a closed state and lost the function of adjustment. Therefore, in the new ideas, new information input and accepted the case, breaking the traditional family. In the household system fault period, rural governance has undergone a transformation from the traditional rural governance, the prototype to the people's commune system of "unified leadership of Party organizations at the grassroots level" management pattern. Then in twentieth Century 70 at the end of the 1970s, along with the gradual relaxation of the policy, the family concept of gradual recovery in households, farmers at the grassroots level in the production practice to create a "contract" in the consensus gradually, eventually rose to the national will, the legal aspects of the establishment of the rural family contract system ", the home the traditional revival in household system. With the household contract responsibility system was established in the country, individual households once again become the basic unit of rural society, rural governance has changed again, the people's commune system of "unified leadership of the party organization at the basic level" governance structure again shifted from rural grass-roots mass according to the management of their own system of villagers autonomy, therefore, the Chinese rural governance with the modern democratic color inheritance in the autonomous tradition at the same time, the solid foundation of China democracy at the grassroots level, effectively promote the development of rural society. Then, this chapter analyzes the changes of India village system and the rural governance form of Panchayat. In the colonial period, with the India village system gradually disintegrated, village Panchayat system was also destroyed; but after the independence of India, the Panchayat system was included in the constitution, and in a 1993 constitutional amendment to further clarify and deepen, Panchayat become the dominant mode of India rural governance present again.Chapter 5:Family novel state system and the transformation of rural governance and new challenges. This chapter first explains the two different states in the new situation of the home household system and the resulting problems, namely the problem of left behind families of discrete and the rural households, and the flow and the problem of farmers into town. Next, discusses in the new state of family ownership, the new challenges facing the transformation of rural governance. Through the study found that, in the family system of new state, transition of rural governance faced by discrete virtual family of the foundation, the rural governance household flow weakens the depopulation of rural governance network and lead to new challenges such as the decline of village of local public.Part C:Conclusions and policy recommendations. This chapter in the history of the family system and the transformation of rural governance in the history and the household system different states and the transformation of rural governance and new challenges the reality basis, and draws the following conclusion:The family system is the source of traditional rural society of China, the family business to form the independent and complete individual households that form the basis of rural governance; in the connected network independent, autonomous and complete individual households based on the formation of among households, constitute the basic system of rural governance, and consists of this connection network of village community of Chinese rural autonomy tradition; the future of rural governance modernization, should give the house full autonomy, take a "co dominant endogenous impetus" transformation of the road. At the same time, in order to make the theoretical conclusion in future practice, based on the conclusions have been drawn in the future, further puts forward the way of transformation of rural governance should rebuild the independence and integrity of the household, consolidate the foundation of rural governance; the connecting mechanism of remodeling among households, and build a strong foundation of network of rural governance and rural communities construction as an opportunity to strengthen the construction of rural public policy.Exposure of rural governance in the modernization of national governance under the background of the transformation of the research work, is an innovative and challenge coexist. In this paper, from a historical perspective, the transformation of rural governance and further focus the household system vicissitude background discussion, and the introduction of India village system as a reference, to further highlight the impact of family business in China and to promote the transformation of rural governance, will undoubtedly become the research characteristic and innovation intention, but this kind of history, comparison an overview of the abstract, but also to increase the difficulty of the research, a challenge. Therefore, the author tries to use the rough brush strokes to outline the main found me, so as to provide a simple map we explore the field for the readers. Just as Barringion Moore, JR. said in the preface of his book "the social origins of dictatorship and democracy" in that situation, effective, large scale topographic map as a pilot to cross the continent, is indispensable for a certain purpose, essential as more accurate maps for other purposes. Of course, the Explorer is not assigned to the tourism team to build a direct road flat. If he had served as a wizard, as long as not to flog a dead horse's back, avoid all kinds of mistakes in the first expedition, polite led the team to bypass the horrid thorns, in guiding the team with great care about that dangerous trap, so, you can think that he has properly fulfill their duties. If he accidentally fall into the trap, so not only on his companions stumble with laughter, but also give a helping hand to help him move on. |
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