Research On Demand For Rural Social Old-age Service And Pathways Of Development

Under the background of aging of population,family care is difficult to maintain.Compared with the urban,the condition is more serious at the degree of aging and the elderly disability scale in the countryside.Fund is to solve the economic problems,and old-age service is to solve the caring problems.The development of social old-age service becomes inevitable.Whether the social old-age service having been provided not only relates to the realization of the fundamental rights of survival and development of the elderly,but also to the long-term stability of society.In recent years,the elderly service problem have got the attention of the government.However,rural social old-age service is in the initial state.Supply shortage and excess exist at the same time.The effect of supply is poor.This paper argues that targeting the demand of the elderly is a key to the development of rural social old-age service.Following the basic logic of discovering problems,empirical analysis,designing the pathways of development,this paper focuses on building the demand-oriented rural social old-age service and analyzes the following questions:First,the background and realistic foundation of rural social old-age service.Through a review of the history,policy and current status of social old-age service,this paper analysis the problems in the development of rural social old-age service.Second,the need for rural social old-age service.At the macro aspect,this paper analysis the need scale for old-age service.And then combining with the family support,it analyzes who are the potential and the main potential object of social old-age service.Because of the old people's poor health,at the micro aspect,this paper uses the data of CHARLS to analyse the need scale and content for caring service further.Third,the demand for rural social old-age service.Using the questionnaire survey data of Jiangsu rural social security,on the rural elderly people's subjective perspective,we study the willingness for rural social old-age service,including who have the willingness,the method and content willingness.And on this basis,we apply the residual income concept to assess the rural elderly people's ability to pay who have the willingness by using ELES model.Fourth,the pathways of rural social old-age service development.According to the result of empirical analysis,this paper put forward to the pathways of rural social old-age service development to meet the demand of the rural elderly,including system construction,the project design,supporting institution and suggestions.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:1.The effect of rural social old-age service development is not obvious because of confusing the need and demand.Currently,the problems of supply of rural social old-age service are:segmentation of the service mode;slow development of service market;administration of service method;the shortage of service providers;regional and urban-rural development imbalances.So more than 4/5 of the rural elderly still rely on family care.Visibly,the need is difficult to translate into demand for social old-age service.Need is not equal to demand.Need refers to a lacking state on the humanistic point of view.Demand emphasizes the willingness and ability to pay.This paper argues that,when people enter the old-age period,willingness for old-age service produces.When the family support is weakening,objectively meeting this need will be from the family to society.However,under the background of family care as culture and habit in the countryside,not every elderly have social old-age service willingness,and have the ability to obtain it which the elderly require.Therefore,it is the need be equal to demand,and the neglect of the elderly willingness and ability to pay,that lead to the current rural social old-age service supply performance is poor.2.Under the background of the aging of population,the rural elderly have the need for social old-age service.The humanistic theory of needs considers that all of the elderly have old-age service need.According to the forecast aging population data,the need for rural old-age service is expected to peak around 2035.However,old-age service requires professionally,normally and diversely,which make the traditional family care mode cannot sustain independently.So under this background,the rural elderly have the need for social old-age service.They are the potential object of social old-age service.Compared with other age group,the need for care service is outstanding for the elderly.This paper finds that the 4/5 of the rural elderly have caring need because of the poor health,especially for women,the elderly above 80 years old,the Midwest old persons.In care services,the demand for medical care is the largest,after the spiritual service.According to the condition of family care and the elderly self-care ability,we estimates proportion of the elderly who need social old-age service is 61.50%of the total number of the rural elderly in 2012.We also predict that the proportion of the elderly who need family care,community-based old-age service care and home-based old-age service care is 7.49%,67.74%and 3.77%by 2030?So under the background of the aging,all the old person may become a potential object of social old-age service.The elderly in need of medical care,mental counseling,no family member to take care of is the main potential object.3.The rural elderly willingness of social old-age service is low and the ability to pay is limited.The majority of old people in countryside tend to choose family care mode.The rural elderly lack of the demand for social old-age service.This paper finds that,only at that time when the family or the elderly themselves cannot supply care service,some rural elderly who have higher income and know about social old-age service many be stimulated demand for social old-age service.They are the main object of social old-age service supply at present.First of all,only 17.86%of the rural elderly people tend to choose social old-age service.Which influence the willingness for social old-age service is family income,the presence of cultivated land,family relationships,personal income,self-reported health,understanding of institution old-age service,understanding of community old-age service and marital status.The last three factors have the most effects on the willingness.Secondly,the old people prefer institution old-age service rather than community and home-based old-age service.This is related to lack of knowledge of community and home-based old-age service.In general,the elderly not having cultivated land,suffering from chronic diseases,younger age,higher level of education,more understanding tend to choose institution old-age service.Once again,the old people prefer daily life caring service and healthy caring service to spiritual,recreational and legal aid service.This reflects an order structure,the survival first the development after.Finally,according to the change of old-age service,20%households have no ability to pay at all;only 60%of the rural residents with higher income have the ability to pay institution old-age service.4.The pathway of development of rural social old-age service should be on the demand-oriented.The emphasis and difficulty in the development of rural social old-age service is to transform the rural old people's need to demand,and to improve their ability to pay.Overall,the development of rural social old-age service take the need as the logical starting point,with the demand as the target.Its pathways design shoule focus on family support,the health status,subjective willingness and income level four core elements,including to build the system construction,design concrete project,perfect supporting institution and put forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions.On the whole,the rural social old-age service is a demand-oriented and multi-party organic whole to meet the caring need for the elderly as the core.Its supplier are composed of the government,market,non-profit organization,volunteer,neighbors and friends;the service object is the elderly who have the demand for social old-age service and the special elderly;distributing content is service or service voucher;the method of delivery is given priority to home-based and community-based service.To develop the rural social old-age service should be gradually.The recent goal to develop the rural social old-age service is meeting the actual demands of the elderly and the basic demands of the special old people.The further goal is meeting the basic and non-basic demands of the elderly.Therefore,home-based old-age service should be developed firstly.The rural elderly with actual demand,the rural elderly above 80 years old,the rural elderly living alone accounted for the total number of the rural elderly population 10.72%,11.54%and 11.59%.The method and the content are different for the different aged groups and the different regions.The elderly who can take care of themselves are given priority to home-based sustaining services.The elderly who can take care of themselves a little are given priority to community-based further services.The elderly who can not take care of themselves completely are given priority to nursing-based all-around services.For different regions,according to economic development level of low to high,the social old-age service should adopt pattern of administration,socialization and marketization.In the process of promoting,resource management system and grant institution should be provided.At last,this paper puts forward some relevant countermeasures,promoting multi-party participation,the reform of financing system,establishing and perfecting quality control system,strengthening the propaganda work.