Research On Diplomacy In The Republic Of China

After the First World War,International Relations as a new discipline on the theme of war and peace research was born in Anglo-American countries,the university of Wales first set up department of international relations and the teaching of international relations,then a batch of influential international research institutions was established continuously.Amounts of international relations research monographs emerged,many universities in Europe and the United States learned from University of Wales and set up courses of international relations.It marked international relations as an independent discipline had separated from philosophy,political science,history,law and other social science.In 1920s,with the rise of national diplomacy,the agencies of diplomacy and international studies had sprung up in China,a group of international study journals also were born at the historic moment,foreign studies was going on.During this period,the western international relations work began to spread into China,the local scholars translated and introduced a large amount of the latest achievements of western international relations.The spread of western international relations in China also stimulated domestic scholars to do academic research spontaneously,and then produce a batch of representative diplomatic works which made a bold attempt and innovation on the analysis of the framework,concepts system,research method,and so on.In the late 1920s to 1930s,the teaching of international relations and diplomacy and related subjects in mainland China also started,Beijing University,Tsinghua University,Zhongshan University and other colleges and universities set up courses of foreign affairs and international relations within the department of politics.Nankai University,Jinan University and Central Political School also had separately established "international affairs department","foreign consular section" and"department of diplomacy",their courses had profound background of political science and an emphasis on diplomacy,international law,international relations,international organizations,which is similar with the curriculum of western international relations subject.In academic sense,in 1930,the Kuomintang Central Political School had separated the diplomatic group from politics and formed diplomacy department independently,it wasn't dissolved until the founding of new China in 1949,Central Political School was the first university to set up the department of diplomacy.If referring to the standard of western international relations,we can say that China diplomacy which began in the 1920s had taken root formally in the 1930s.Although only a few colleges and universities open specialized diplomacy department,the fact that diplomacy department had already separated from political science is indisputable.This paper take the diplomacy department of Central Political School as the main shaft,First of all,tracing the establishment and development of the diplomacy department of Central Political School;Secondly,restoring the real picture of teacher hiring,student enrollment,curriculum setting,club activities,talent training of the diplomacy department of Central Political School;Then analyzing the paradox between students practice and employment of the diplomacy department of Central Political School and discussing the interactive relationship between the diplomacy department of Central Political School and the foreign affairs ministry of national government;Finally,combing the core issues and the main achievements on academic research of diplomacy of local scholars especially Central Political School scholars during the Anti-Japanese War with the purpose of rebuilding the history of formation and development of China diplomacy in 1930s to 1940s.The diplomacy department of Central Political School was found mainly based on three factors,namely,the demand for new foreign talents by Nanjing national government,the unique political and academic resources of the school and the successful example of the diplomacy department of Paris Political School.Dean Luo Jialun played a critical role in the establishment and early development of the diplomacy department of Central Political School,his idea of academic education kept the diplomacy department developing sustainable along the discipline path.After the outbreak of Anti-Japanese War,the idea of academic education was challenged by the proposal of crash type education,so the diplomacy department once suffered a huge setback.The fate of the diplomacy department was dominated by the continuous Anti-Japanese War,the diplomacy department restored after two years suspension.After the victory of Anti-Japanese War,the Central Political School was transformed into state-maintained university,the development of the diplomacy department undergone up and down and doomed to die with the end of Kuomintang and the civil war.As to teacher recruitment and student enrollment,the diplomacy department insisted two principles that is hiring faculty based on knowledge without sparing sensibilities,and selecting students based on the exam result,not by the sponsor;As to Curriculum,The diplomacy department advocated practical and specialized curriculum design principle,and made the courses which emphasize on academic study and the actual demand of the diplomacy of China through referring foreign curriculum of European and American universities,and made timely adjustment according to the development of China domestic and foreign environment.With regard to Teaching,great attention was paid on actual needs,the teaching method is flexible,the department of diplomacy imitated the western talents cultivation standard and Integrated with the international standards actively.As to Association activities,in order to supplement the teaching,the student of the department of diplomacy organized academic discussion,English speech,newspaper clipping,posters and other various extracurricular activities via foreign research association and English speech debate.As to International exchanges,the exchange and interaction between the department of diplomacy and the Carnegie endowment for international peace was quite frequent,especially in wartime the academic support to the department of diplomacy was more treasured;As to social interaction,the paper explores the interaction between the department of diplomacy and the ministry of foreign affairs mainly through the internships of the department of diplomacy and the employment situation of students.The design of internship system in Central Political School followed the principle of linking theory with practice,the students learned theoretical knowledge and put it into practice to test and apply,whose performance is the important yardstick of testing student.After one to four months internship in the ministry of foreign affairs,the students wrote the internship report,which decided whether a student could graduate successfully.The interns put forward many useful criticisms and Suggestions on how to improve the performance of the ministry of foreign affairs,embassies and consulates of national government,which mainly focus on foreign institutions and foreign administrative and diplomatic personnel,etc.With regard to Employment,generally speaking,the employment of the diplomacy department didn't match with the purpose of the department.In late Anti-Japanese War,the national government expanded China diplomatic team because of the expansion of foreign consular affairs,therefore,the ministry of foreign affairs took in a large number of graduates of the department of diplomacy,while only a few students was employed by the ministry of foreign affairs.Affected by the complicated entanglements of political factions,the employment of majority students didn't have much to do with diplomacy,which caused serious consequences of "Use is not learned".As to Foreign academic research,the foreign research of Central Political School with the research institutions,academic groups and journals as platform,the department of research of Central Political School issue "new politics" and "politics" in the campus,while out of the campus,the foreign study institution organized by scholars in Central Political School published "foreign research"."foreign research" is one of the most professional foreign research journals during the Anti-Japanese War,this paper mainly analyzes the relatively concentrated areas,such as international law and international treaties,foreign theory,diplomatic practice,and so on.International law and international treaty research mainly concerns the problem of international law and international treaties which is closely related to China Anti-Japanese War,such as Sino-Japanese War,aggression,policy of non-recognition and so on.Foreign scholars in Republic of China deeply analyzed the popular postwar foreign theory of idealism and doubted and criticized the applicability of the theory,and put forward the realist foreign theory from the evolution course of international relations,collective security study also appeared during that period.Foreign scholars in republic of China concerned the issue of reconstruction of post-war world peace,namely,it involved how to plan the international mechanism in order to eliminate the war forever and maintain world peace and order;Diplomatic practice research mainly focused on foreign administrative reform,foreign institutions adjustment,foreign intelligence and publicity,diplomatic personnel training and so on.Diplomatic practice research was particularly urgent under the context of Counter-Japanese War and national salvation.Above all,the diplomacy department of Central Political School is a special case and a microcosm of the formation,development and change of China modern diplomacy during the period of the republic of China.The relationship between diplomacy and politics is very close,the development of the diplomacy of the republic of China was inevitably affected by the complicated political factors and the complex and changeable international situation.To a large extent,the foreign academic of the republic of China left a deep mark of era,so the discipline process of the diplomacy was constrained.