The Mechanism Of Power Restriction In Ameircan State University

Power needs restrictions, which is not only one of the requirements of the Democracy in the society nowadays, but also the protection to the sustainable and healthy development of many kinds of social behaviors. However, the increasing exposure of corrupt behaviors of the universities in the recent years demonstrates the existing loopholes and vulnerable spots during the running process of the internal power of the China universities. Therefore, constructing and refining the restriction strategy of the internal power in China universities for nonmalignant and sustainable development is a question to be advised awaiting an answer. Since the corresponding restriction strategy is still under developing in China, it should be wise to take example by the experience of the universities overseas.This research focuses on the investigation of the restriction strategy of the U.S. state universities. Based on the extensively reading, analyzing, and summarizing the numerous literatures about restriction strategy of the U.S. state universities, this research systematically build the historical developmental infrastructure of the restriction strategy of the U.S. state universities. In order to increase the impact of this research, the author selects University of Virginia as a typical example. Otherwise, the author moved to Charlottesville, the location of University of Virginia, and lived there for more than one year. This one-year field research let the author gain extensive precious primary source. Integrating the solid literature reviews and the precious field research, this research discusses and concludes the historical and present infrastructure of the restriction strategy of the internal power in the University of Virginia.Based on the system theory, this research treats the power as a systematic entirety, and takes interdisciplinary angles of view as the starting point, including the theory of "mutual check and balance" from political science, the method of using mechanism and human rights to restrict the power from the science of law, to investigate the restriction strategy of the U.S. state universities. In addition, the research use the paradigm of ethical studies and cultural psychology for reference such as using the ethics and culture to restrict the power.Otherwise, this research set the core concept as the restriction strategy of the power in the universities, and generalizes the crisscross analysis dimension from the thinking of structure, mechanism, and culture. Longitudinal analysis is used to investigate the historical evolution of the restriction strategy, while the lateral analysis is used to discover the functional mechanisms of the four types of restriction strategy including using power itself, mechanism, human rights, and culture to restricts powerThe conclusion of this research contains:first, the internal power in the U.S. state universities is distributed not only in the external level of the groups such as board of visitors, administrative team, faculties and students to form a counterbalance, and also in the internal level of the groups. The former forms the structural distribution (university, school, and department) of the power based on the setting of the different committee of the groups, such as faculty senate committee and student committee. The latter shows that the distribution of the power between the president and other administrative staff. It constructs the distinctive matrix "check and balance" of the restriction strategy of the U.S. state universities. Second, in order to let the power to abide by law, state universities in advance set up the running rules of the power according to the state law, the university bylaw, and the soft law from other third-party organizations. It becomes the strategy of using mechanism to restrict the power. In addition, the constitutional rights of the faculties and students set them free to voice their opinions on every affair in the campus, supervise and restrict the running of the internal power. The legal relationship between the university and the faculties and students protect their rights and keep them safe away from unexpected behavior of the internal power. Otherwise, it is required that the power runs in the rules of legal procedures or compliant system in the campus which reliefs and supports the aggrieved parties. It behaves the restriction strategy of the power. In the end, it is well-known that religious culture deeply impacts the peer value and faith of American. This kind of impact also plays good role of restricting the running of the power. The Protestantism ethics educate the heart and soul of American to self-control. Besides, the organization culture of the U.S. state universities prompts their members to follow the rules according to a series of psychological strategy such as "Conformity, Identification and Reinforcement".From the above, there are two types of restrictions to the internal power:one generates restrictions from the external environment to compel individual unable to abuse his power or intimidate him about the consequence of his abusing power; another generates restrictions from the internal psychology to educate individuals willing to follow the rules, refuse and spontaneous against the power abusing. Using distribution and "check and balance" strategy, hierarchical mechanism, and legal rights to restricts power belongs to the former, while the restrictions from the culture belong to the latter. Apparently, the integration between the external environmental strategy and internal psychological strategy burst out energy and efficacy during the restrictions of the running power.According to the fundamental understanding and deep analysis of the power-restriction strategy of the U.S.state universities, this research suggests that the China universities need to rethink systematically and redesign the power-restriction strategy; enhance legal construction, practically develop the roles of law to restrict the internal power and protect the rights of faculties and students; positively refine the mechanisms hierarchically, explicitly and specifically regulate the running process of the power; value highly the role of culture in the power restriction, especially focus on the core Socialist values to guide the development of the social culture and organizational culture.