| Before world war ?, the trend in economic structure of developed capitalist countries appeared,which was that the industry and the agriculture falled in the proportion of gross domestic product(GDP) and the service industry was growing rapidly. The Service industry has become an important industry in the economic structure of the developed capitalist countries. By 1970 s, the service industry had become an important industry in the economic structure. The industry has lost its absolute advantage, while the role of agriculture in economic development is extremely weak. Its important position is in a strategic position in the country development, and is no longer the economic effect. How this economic structure has evolved? How to evaluate the service industry marginal utility? For the study of this economic problems, although there are many theoretical arguments and works, but for a series of things related to the "source" of this fundamental question, just referring to certain paper comments individual chapters, no systematic research paper. The study of the service industry as a whole is almost a blank. We must produce the law of production and evolution of the service industry, explore its developing conditions, mechanism and rules. This is the only way to really see the quality of services industry in the national economic structure, economic operation and economic effect of proportion. The developing countries by learning from the experience and lessons of the developed countries, make its suitable economic policies for the adjustment of economic structure and the development of service industry, and avoid the blindness and the doctrine in promoting service industry.In the 19 th century,there was not the concept of service industry(the third industry), but the industrial theories including service industry in Marx's Capital was very rich, it can be said that Marx's theory of capital and its form are the key to solve the above problems. In the capitalist society, the service industry as the industrial capital(agricultural capital and industrial capital), is a kind of social capital forms. Marx believes that the capital is the ruler of all economic and social activities, All matter and non matter that the capitalist has, all exist in the face of the capital and play a role. On the other hand, all the material forms, non physical forms of things, all the way of working, organization and format, as long as they are occupied by the capitalists and used in the production of surplus value, capital, they will become capital and the specific expression of capital. In 19 th century, Marx and Engels have seen the commerce, bank lending business, shares and securities industry, and the old service industry. Once they are in the hands of capitalists, or the industry itself will become the capital or its specific forms by hiring workers and obtaining profit(surplus value) from the service consumption.These specific forms of capital are produced in the movement of the general social capital. The capital exists in the smallest unit of "economic enterprise", at the same time, the individual capital must carry out cycle and turnover in order to obtain the surplus value. In the circulation process, the total amount of capital must be divided into three parts of money capital, production capital and good capital. The three parts are keeped to coexist in space and follow one another in time. If problems happen in any part of the cycle, the production and realization of surplus value will can not be completed. In a individual industrial capital movement, the cycle of industrial capital has included the necessity and possibility of social division, some capital specialize in currency capital business, some capital specialize in producing and realizing commodity value and surplus value, some capital specialize in goods business. So the industry capital cycle also includes the necessity and possibility in producing new industry. The total sum of the individual capital constitutes the general social capital. The general social capital must also be divided into three parts, one is money capital, one is production capital, the other is goods capital. They respectively perform the function of money capital, production capital and goods capital. These three kinds of capital appearing in industry are bank lending business, commerce, industry and agriculture. In the history of Marx, bank lending business and commerce are consisted of the early service industry. From the view of phenomena, the commercial capital originates from the merchant capital, while bank lending business from lending capital. Merchant capital and lending capital had existed before the industrial capital appeared. Through the movemen of the industrial capital, they will be internalized in the cycle and turnover of capital and become a part of capital circulation and turnover. However, the modern service industries are not included in the capital circulation and turnover. They becomes independent from the industrial capital normal circulation and turnover, So, in the nature of the capital such as business and banking, they directly are born in the industrial capital. Therefore, from the source, the modern service industry comes from the capital movement. Such as research and development service, design service before production, maintenance of labor data services in the production, warehouse in sales after production and so on, they are independent of the capital circulation and new service capital form. Even factors of production in the process also needs to be produced and processed, whic are done before the factors of production enter the capital production process. The process of factors of production can not be completed by individual capital, so, the processes are independent. Education, health care and other services are developing. Secondly, the social division of labor not only has laid the material foundation for service capital, but also directly promote the service industry. The internal division of labor in individual capital keeps production links increasing. A lot of workers have involved in the production, while the scale of production has been expanding. When the production scale expands to a certain extent, it not only will bring the improvement of labor productivity, but also will make the production cost increasing, then, the production link with simple tools will be separated and some individual capital specialize in the production, a new industry emerges on the market. The production processes independence of direct form are part of the service industry. Finally, the revolution of science and technology has promote the modern service industry. The first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution has enriched the content of industrial and agricultural production of industrial capital, it also improve their production efficiency. Being based on the two industrial revolutions, industrial and agricultural mechanization and automation level of production greatly has increased. Preliminary development of automation has driven service industry. But the inherent requirement of capital in the pursuit of surplus value, has been making change of all aspects of production and management. Ultimately the third technological revolution broke out, the revolution is bringing the production to the intelligent, light industry. The first new revolution of science bringed the major change in production, is on production and business activities, the change has become an important part of the service industry. Secondly, the science and technology has being created a series of forms of capital, such as new energy, biotechnology, etc. In addition, the revolution in science and technology through the change of capital circulation environment has being promoted many capital forms.New forms of capital in the industry consist of the service industry, this change has had a significant impact on the capitalist economy, even to a certain extent, it changed the nature of the capitalist economy and society. The first change of capital form makes the service industry being economic growth force. Service capital has become the leading force of economic growth. Especially the productive service industry has become active force of economic development, it has replaced the industry in economic development. Secondly, the service industry capital becoming the driving force of economic growth has changed the mode of economic growth. Economic influence factors before the two revolution of science and technology are the main quantity, input production factors such as capital, labor and land elements, they decided the economic growth. The third revolution of science and technology makes the technology and labor factors become the determinants of economic growth. Thirdly, the service industry capital has also changed the operation of the general social capital. In the economy dominated by industrial capital, the operation of general social capital demand the two departments to keep a certain proportion, which requires production data within the industrial capital and consumption data with consumer sector keeping certain, reproduction proportion. The social capital only on this condition, can carried out smoothly. When the service industry capital becomes the leading industry in the economy, the reproduction of social capital requires to maintain a certain proportion of the service industry and industrial and agricultural industry.The internal industries of service capital must keep a certain proportion. If the proportion is broken, economic crisis will ocur. Finally, the form of service capital has changed the relation of the labor and the capital, the labor no longer belongs to the capital, the labor have obtained the residual claim right. The general result of capital accumulation has a different appearance, which makes a middle class has generated. |
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