| Self-reflection in Chinese traditional culture is a method of self-cultivation that has been widely respected by mainstream thinking.From the period of the Pre-Qin period to today,after a long period of cultural precipitation,it has long become the positive psychological quality and self-cultivation method of the Chinese people.As an important part of the fine traditional Chinese culture,individuation has become an important issue in the study of personality in China.Qualitative research and quantitative research on self-reflection will help to better transmit and promote Chinese cultivation culture,help to improve individual’s level of sincerity,self-cultivation,and governing the country,and help to promote individuals to be happy and enterprising.Since self-reflection is a unique concept of Chinese cultural heritage,with a deep“Chinese” branding,it cannot simply be replaced with related concepts and explanations in Western psychology.And in China,most of the previous studies on self-reflection have focused on ideological and moral construction.On the level of rational analysis,there is a lack of research on personality psychology,especially empirical research;on the concept of self-reflection,although many scholars have explained and even subordinated “definition”,their connotation and extension are quite vague.Lack of scientific definition of verifiable operations.Based on the Chinese cultural background and the theory of perfect personality,this study defines self-reflection as: self-reflection is the exploratory,preventive,compensatory,and transcendental psychological tendencies that individuals display when examining and reflecting on self from the perspective of personal orientation or social orientation.This study uses a combination of qualitative research and quantitative research.It systematically explores the connotation,structure,measurement,characteristics,and functions of Chinese adult self-reflection.It consists of four parts.The first part is the research background and research design.Through a comprehensive review of the researches on the concept of self-reflection,theories,research methods,influencing factors and functions of Chinese and foreign scholars,we find that the study on self-reflection in psychology is still in its infancy and the concept of self-reflection in China is lack of operational definition from the psychological point of view.At the same time,in the research methods,there is a lack of self-reflection tools based on Chinese culture,lack of scientific quantitative research on the features and functions of self-reflection.In this research background,research design,mainly from the concept of self-reflection,structure and measurement design.The second part is qualitative research.This section consists of three studies,including:Study 1 Self-reflection in Chinese ancient books.This research collects the passages about introspection in Wenyuange version of Sikuquanshu through the method of database retrieval.After simplifying and finishing,it forms an official corpus,which contains 1089 pieces of “self-reflection” context,set four types of ancient books.Through the content analysis,the collected content is classified according to connotation,object,content,triggering mode and function of self-reflection,so as to provide references for further exploring the self-reflection structure of contemporary Chinese.Study 2 Open-ended Surveys of Contemporary Chinese Adults’ Self-reflection.An open questionnaire survey was conducted on 156 adults of different genders,ages,native places and occupations.The content analysis revealed the meanings,situations,goals,contents,results and characteristics of self-reflection in contemporary Chinese adults and provide reference for further understanding of the connotation and structure of self-reflection.Study 3 In-depth interview on self-reflection of contemporary Chinese adults.Take purposeful sampling and draw 20 adults who can provide a large amount of information,which is evenly distributed in terms of gender,age and occupation.Based on the grounded theory of three-level coding method as the analysis method,575 open codes and 5 related codes are concluded,and finally the core coding is determined as "self-reflection motivation classification".According to this classification,self-reflection is divided into four parts: exploratory,preventive,remedy and transcendence.At the same time,according to its content,self-reflection is divided into individual orientation and social orientation.On this basis,Theoretical model,to provide a basis for designing measurement tools of self-reflection.The third part is quantitative research,this part consists of three studies,including:Study 4 Chinese adult self-reflection questionnaire preparation.This study includes two sub-studies.The first sub-study is a preliminary test of the scale.First,the theoretical model of self-reflection of Chinese adults is taken as a framework.According to the analysis of the ancient books,public opinion survey and in-depth interview of the qualitative research section,as self-reflection questionnaire statement,the initial preparation of 96 items.After psychologists’ evaluation and preliminary test with a small area,two rounds of censorship were carried out,75 preliminary questions were reserved,and the questions of impression management and quality control were set up to form the initial questionnaire.Sampling was conveniently sampled,and 875 people of different genders,ages,native places,academic qualifications and occupations were investigated by a combination of on-site group measurement and individual network measurement.After project analysis and exploratory factor analysis,39 formal questionnaires of Chinese adult self-reflection questionnaire were obtained,of which 19 were individual-oriented and 19 were social-oriented.The second sub-study is the validity test of Chinese adult’s self-reflection questionnaire,selecting a large sample of 2683 people with formal questionnaires,the results of confirmatory factor analysis and validity test,the results show that the questionnaire meets the requirements of psychometric,With good reliability and validity.Study 5 Chinese adults’ self-reflection features and functions.The study consisted of three sub-studies.The first sub-study examined the differences between 2683 subjects in different sub-questionnaires,dimensions,demographic variables(gender,age,social status,academic status,political profile).The basic condition of self-reflection level is that because of its score on the social orientation questionnaire is higher than on the individual orientation questionnaire,and there are differences in the four demographic variables of gender,age,education background and political appearance,and social and cultural background and reality.The results show that the questionnaire can distinguish between groups with different levels of self-reflection,and also find the influencing factors of the level of self-reflection,and provide the basis for the cultivation of self-examination personality.The second sub-study examines therelationship between self-reflection and openness,problem solving and subjective well-being,and found that self-reflection can positively predict the subjective well-being,and that the openness and problem-solving play a complete mediating role.The third sub-study examines the relationship between self-reflection and internal control,empathy and altruism,found that self-reflection can positively predict the individual’s altruistic tendency,internal control and empathy act as part of the intermediary role,and said self-reflection of others’ enthusiasm influences.Together,these two sub-studies show that Chinese self-reflection is a positive personality trait that plays a positive role in both the individual’s self and social relations.The fourth part is the general discussion and conclusion.Further analysis of Chinese adult’s self-reflection personality traits,research methods and research tools.It discusses the inheritance and the age of Chinese adults ’self-reflection personality,compares the similarities and differences between Chinese adults’ self-reflection personality theory and Western self-reflection theory,and analyzes the scientificity of research methods and research tools.Then,based on the overall research results,this paper puts forward the proposal of lifelong cultivation of self-reflection personality.Through personal education,school education,family education and social education,we jointly cultivate the positive character of self-reflection and benefit the individual and society.Finally,it summarizes the innovation of the research in theory and application and puts forward the prospect.The research can draw the following conclusions:(1)Chinese people’s self-reflection traits originated from the excellent Chinese cultural traditions.They inherit the inheritance from the same strain of ancient times,they also have the historical features of development with the times.They also have the similarities and differences in cross-cultures.(2)According to the content and objects of the introspective motives,self-reflection can be divided into individual-oriented self-reflection and social-oriented self-reflection;according to the composition of self-promoted motives,each orientation of self-reflection is explored by self-reflection,preventive self-reflection,and compensatory self-reflection.And the four factors of transcending self-reflection constitute.(3)The reliability and validity of Chinese adult self-reflection personality questionnaire reached the requirements of psychrometrics.(4)Gender,age,education level,and political profile have an impact on the level of self-reflection of Chinese adults.The total score of social orientation self-reflection was significantly higher than that of individual orientation self-reflection,and the score in the preventive dimension was higher than other dimensions.In terms of gender differences,women score higher in the preventive and compensatory dimensions than men,and men score higher than women in the transcendent and exploratory dimensions.The difference in age shows the highest score in the 30-year-old group.As a result of the difference in educational attainment,the tendency is for those with higher academic qualifications to score higher than those with lower academic qualifications.The political differences show that the communists have the highest score for introspection and that Communists and Communist Youth League members score higher than the masses.Only in the dimension of social transcendence,the interaction of gender,age and education has an effect on the level of self-reflection.The results of simple and simple effects analysis show that among the students below the high school,secondary school,and undergraduates,the social surpass scores of men who are 30 years old and below are higher than women.In the case of postgraduates and above,There is no significant difference in the social transcendence of men and women’s sex score。(5)Self-reflection has a positive impact on both the individual and others,and self-reflection of individual orientation and social orientation plays a positive predictive role in subjective well-being.Problem solving and openness play a complete mediating role in the influence of self-reflection on subjective well-being.The self-reflection of social orientation plays a positive predictive role in the altruistic tendency.The internal control and empathy levels play some mediating effect in the influence of self-reflection on the altruistic tendency.The innovations of this study are as follows:(1)Taking root in Chinese traditional culture,collating and constructing the self-reflection theory of Chinese adults and finding that the self-examination personality should be divided into two levels.The first level,self-reflection can be divided into individual orientation and self-reflection of social orientation;at the second level,each orientation of self-reflection consists of four factors: exploratory self-reflection,preventive self-reflection,compensatory self-reflection,and transcendental self-reflection.The above divisions are all verified through quantization.(2)The empirical hypothesis of self-reflection was studied;the relationship between self-reflection,self-reliance and self-strengthening was explored,and the Chinese people’s perfect personality theory was enriched.(3)In terms of methods,through the analysis of self-reflection in the Chinese classic literature,the survey of the public view of contemporary Chinese self-reflection,and the in-depth interviews,we have compiled a measurement tool that meets the Chinese cultural background,meets the measurement standards,and has a good reliability and validity has been developed,filling the gaps in this area of research.(4)This paper conducts empirical investigation and measurement analysis on the characteristics of self-reflection of Chinese adults.(5)On the basis of the excellent personality theory of the Chinese nation,we have explored how to improve the people’s sense of acquisition,well-being,and security,and reached some valuable conclusions. |
PDF Full Text Request