The Study Of The Federal Preference Policies Of American Veteran

American veteran benefit policy which is rich in content has an advantage over regular benefit policy.However,veteran benefits have comparative advantages with studying veterans' naturalization preference policy and recruitment preference policy of federal civil service.Putting veterans' naturalization preference policy into practice has theoretical necessity and origin of practice.Citizenship theory may clarify the relation between military service and citizenship.The minimum obligation of political community members is military service.Membership of political community should be given to non-citizens who performed military service,and it had been practiced in ancient Greece and Rome.Because of American enlistment system which enlistee must be American citizen or legal immigrant with permanent residence who is 17-35 years old,Aliens could service for America.Veteran status is the base of benefits which were authorized to alien veterans,but it was not the legal right of alien veterans to reside in the United States.Because the central aim of military service is naturalization to America for alien veterans and alien dependents of American veteran,Veterans'naturalization preference policy could meet demands of American citizenship of veterans and their dependents.Compared to common immigrant's naturalization,alien veterans and alien dependents of American veteran was authorized naturalization preference.As an instrument,common naturalization policy of immigrant experienced alternation which was loose in wartime and was strict in peacetime with human resource.Not only strict requirements of period of resident and language,but also race and nation requirements and Immigration quota system showed the exclusion of immigrant naturalization policy in peacetime.Even in wartime,naturalization policy of immigrant relaxed a little restriction,and it was also temporary and emergency.In contrast to common naturalization policy of immigrant,veterans,naturalization preference policy had its advantages.From the beginning of Civil War when Veterans'naturalization preference legislation firstly appeared to nowadays,veterans'naturalization preference policy experienced a process of gradually loosening,especially for naturalization of wartime servicemen for which requirements was very few.As an important part of veteran benefit system,veterans' naturalization preference policy had been in practice in the colonial period,but veterans'naturalization preference legislation appeared in 1862 for the first time.Extension of applicable objects of veterans' naturalization preference policy over again and exempting from fees of naturalization which further reduced qualifications,led more and more World War I alien veterans to getting naturalization.Although there was a transient and small adjustment under the circumstance of the Great Depression,veterans' naturalization preference policy continued general trend of relaxing restrictions between the two world wars on the basis of reasserting previous preference policy,so was naturalization preference policy of the World War II veterans.Though Korea Conflict was not a war,veterans,naturalization preference policy of the World War II veterans was also authorized to the Korea Conflict veterans.Just as previous veterans,naturalization preference policy,the liberal policy also applied to the Vietnam War veterans,and continued to nowadays.After the World War I,Naturalization preference was not only authorized to alien veterans,but also immigration and naturalization preferences were authorized to alien dependents of veterans which included alien dependents of American veterans who applied to the War Brides Act and the Alien Fiancees and Fiances Act,and alien dependents of alien veterans who applied to the Posthumous Citizenship for Active Duty Service ct of 1989.Veterans' naturalization preference policy added attraction of military service,gathered marginalized groups and made them mainstreaming,promoted relaxation of restrictions of immigration policy and development of diversity of American society.However,there were many problems in course of practice of veterans' naturalization preference policy,such as naturalization of illegal immigrants who enlisted in the army by deception;alien veterans who naturalized to America were at the risk of deportation,and posthumous citizenship of war servicemen who sacrificed in the battle.American citizenship was authorized to veterans by veterans,naturalization preference policy,and employment of a lot of veterans realized by the federal civil service recruitment preference policy after discharge.The federal civil service recruitment preference policy means that preferences are authorized to veterans in course of the federal civil service recruitment and management,including additional points to civil service entry examination,veterans'name going to the head of the eligible list or in front of nonveterans',retention in the reduction of forces,age,physical,weight requirements,and promotion.In course of the federal civil service recruitment and management,with a strong contrast to nonveterans with which the policy was continually strict,the federal civil service recruitment preference policy of veteran constantly relaxed the restrictions of recruitment and management.American civil service system which experienced a process of expansion of merit system and retreat of spoils system and patronage led to more and more requirements of federal civil service employment;on the contrary,requirements of the federal civil service recruitment preference policy of veteran was lower and lower.The development of the federal civil service recruitment preference policy experienced an process of expansion which applicable objectives extended to veterans and their dependents from disable veterans,which positions extended to federal positions throughout the country and state and local government from federal positions in District of Columbia,which preference extended infinite preference from finite preference in course of development of the civil service system.The federal civil service recruitment preference policy helped a lot of veterans to employ in Government,and laid a better foundation for rising of the post-World War ? veteran group.The federal civil service recruitment preference policy which developed loosely had to do with political reality which veteran populations were(are)very large,even with political effects which veteran organizations like American Legion that represented veterans' interests imposed on Congress legislations on veterans' benefits.In course of development of the federal civil service recruitment preference policy,there were debates about definition of veteran,relationship between merit system and preference,effects of preference on employment of women and minorities,and lifelong preference of veterans.