A Research On The Citization Of Landlost Urban Minorities During The Process Of Urbanization

In recent decades,there exist two types of citizenization modes which are transitional citizenization mode and direct citizenization mode in China.Transitional citizenization mode means that farmers have been granted the citizenship due to their working for government departments after graduating from colleges;direct citizenization mode means that farmers,particularly the landlost farmers,obtain the citizenship directly.In the current academic circles,the former draws more attention than the latter.Therefore,this paper argues that the citizenization is not a simple unified process through analyzing the different citizenization modes of landlost farmers and presenting different motivations,processes and effects of citizenization in different national,cultural and religious backgrounds.Based on the relevant theories and methods of ethnology,anthropology and sociology,the author selects the following three ghettos with the same living area but different causes,minorities and beliefs as the object of study,focusing on the study of ethnic minorities inhabiting the ghettos of Kunming suburb.The first is the Hui ethnic community in which local and foreign Hui nationality lives together due to ethnic and religious reasons in the process of rapid urbanization;the second is the Yi nationality villages,wholly migrating to the outskirts of Kunming as a result of the national key construction projects and leaving their land to start a new life in an unfamiliar geographical and human environment;the third is the Yi nationality community inhabiting the City for generations,losing their land and living in the unfamiliar environment in the process of urbanization.For the ethnic minorities,the transformation of identity,livelihood and lifestyle due to the change of their living environment gives them unprecedented experiences and some opportunities and difficulties.Through making a comparative study of the citizenization of the above three communities,this paper represents the new problems caused by the citizenization in last decade,analyzes the roles that national identity,cultural custom,religious beliefs and economic development have played in the process of citizenization,and describes their own unique citizenizations.To sum up,the citizenization does not mean the modernization of their lifestyles or the separation of social relationships or the deculturation of their traditional culture.The diversified mode,which may lead to a variety of different effects,shows certain differences with the change of specific conditions.There are eight chapters,three parts in this thesis.The first part expatiates on the origin of this research,summarizes the related research status and findings at home and abroad,and states some theories,research methods and research concepts concerning this study.In the second part,it describes and analyzes the changes and developments as well as the problems and difficulties that the urbanized minorities are faced with in their economic and cultural life and social interactions through comparing their efforts to cope with the loss of land,livelihood mode transformation,social relations reconstruction,cultural continuation and reconstruction,and identity transformation and adaptation in the process of the three ethnic groups involving the urbanization.In view of their strategies to copy with the loss of land,this paper compares their adaptation facing the loss of land which is their fundamental means of production and discusses the disharmonies between land compensation in the government-led urbanization and the citizenization of the special groups.It also points out various difficulties that the urban minorities face through analyzing the transformation of their ways of life from "the period of owning land" to "the period of losing land",and further discusses the significance of social memory in the urbanization from the disintegration of the concept of neighborhood,the enhancement of national cohesion and citizenship and the evolution of family life style.It analyzes the continuation and reconstruction of village life style,the adaptation and vicissitude of urban life style,the adaptability and change of religious culture and the inheritance of national education,and discusses the continuation of social memory and the cultural tension of the ethnic minorities.Based on the urbanization model of suburban rural grassroots organizations,this paper compares their citizenship identity and belongingness toward city life,and discusses the problems in the process of fracturing and remodeling their new urban citizenship.Part ? is the conclusion of the whole thesis.On the basis of the first two parts,the author sums up three types of citizenization modes in natural development,traditional reconstruction and cultural conflict,and further puts forward that the citizenization is diversified in its motivations,processes,effects and modes.During the process of the citizenization,local governments should regard the citizenization as the means improving its economy,society and culture.Meanwhile,we should be aware that the citizenization isn't in conflict with traditional protections,so that the right ways of improving the citizenization should be used to promote the course of cultural heritage protection and citizenization.