Differentiate Governance Form:Study On Governance Forms From The Perspective Of "Capabilities-needs"

In traditional China,governance is the basic function of a country.The relationship between the country and the rural society based on significant social differences has a great impact on the form of national governance.Rural governance is based on a certain capacity,among which the interaction between national capacity and social capacity is the core element that affects the governance form.Political needs,as a key variable affecting the display of national or social capacity,has an important impact on the actual governance form of rural society.This paper takes three small villages in South China,Yangtze River Basin and Yellow River Basin as the research object,analyzes their rich governance activities,and expounds the internal relationship between governance,capacity and needs,so as to further explore how rural society uses social capacity to form differentiated governance patterns in the changing needs relationship.This paper takes the formation of different forms of rural social governance under different combinations of "ability-needs" as the research content,and the full text follows the main line of the relationship between "ability needs" and governance.In the traditional period,there are at least three kinds of governance patterns that are very different.One is to take the clan as the leading factor and the endogenous autonomy of the clan society as the main form of governance.Clans seize the power of national governance by eroding national personnel arrangement,cultural internal inheritance,ancestral independence and internal defense.The other is "state empowering" governance which is mainly entrusted by the state to the gentry.The gentry use social power to realize the internal integration of social governance power through personal prestige.Even if the state power wants to penetrate into the rural society,it can only be realized through the gentry's power.The last is that the state power directly realizes the overall rule of the rural society without any intermediate power.Such villages usually originate from national political arrangements,such as military villages,immigrant villages,etc.,and the leaders of the villages in the early stage are the officials in the national system.The arrangement of economic activities,the division of homestead,the allocation of officials,social security and cultural acquisition of villages are all carried out under the intervention or guarantee of the superior government.The state has formed a deep-rooted form of state centralized governance in this area.Among them,the interaction between national capacity and social capacity,and the game between national needs and social needs are the basic reasons for the formation of differentiated governance.This forms two groups of indicators to measure the governance form,one is based on the capacity indicators under the interaction between the state and rural social capacity,the other is based on the needs indicators under the interaction between the state and rural social needs.In addition,there is also an interaction between capacity and needs.A country has the ability to have no needs in a certain region,and there is still the possibility of social decentralization or power seizing;a country has the need to have no capacity in a certain region,and there are also cases of state centralized governance.Considering the interaction differences between the ability and needs between the state and society,at least three very different governance patterns have been formed,which are "state centralization","social decentralization" and "social usurpation".There are two groups of indicators to measure the governance form,one is based on the capacity indicators under the interaction of the state and rural social capacity,the other is based on the needs indicators.under the interaction of the state and rural social needs.In addition,there is also an interaction between capacity and needs.A country has the ability to have no needs in a certain region,and there is still the possibility of social decentralization or power seizing;a country has the need to have no capacity in a certain region,and there are also cases of state centralized governance.Considering the interaction differences between the ability and needs between the state and society,at least three very different governance patterns have been formed,which are "state centralization","social decentralization" and "social usurpation".The conclusion of this paper is that "ability-needs" is an important factor that influences the form of rural social governance,and the rich and colorful governance relationship between the state and rural society is the result of the interaction between ability and needs.The first is that the interaction between state capacity and social capacity has a decisive influence on the governance form.If the state capacity is weaker than the social capacity,it does not have the foundation of state centralized governance;similarly,if the social capacity is too weak,it cannot complete the centralization or capture of governance power.Second,in the regions with similar national capacity and social capacity,the change of needs relationship has a relevant impact on the change of governance form.Under the condition of limited national capacity,concentrating national power in a specific region can also realize the transformation of governance pattern in a short time;In the same way,the state's indifference to social needs may shake the foundation of its ability,cause the self centralization of society and the construction of self governance order,and form a discrete force for national governance,which is also an important reason why rebellion and civil commotion can break out in a certain region in history.Through the research,there are at least three implications for the current state governance.First of all,in the case of insufficient national capacity,no matter whether the social self governance ability is strong or not,there is the possibility of social disorder.Therefore,to ensure the strength of national capacity is the premise of forming a good social order.Secondly,the social capacity is too weak,and generally it will fall into the political order of the state's centralized rule.In the long run,it is not conducive to the growth of the country.Finally,whether the governance form is effective or not depends on whether it can meet the needs of the society.If the state ignores the social needs,it may cause the change of governance form and the destruction of order.