Multiple Attributions And Governance Route Of Chinese Universities' Administralization

The problem of administration and de-administration of Chinese Universities was put forward for discussion in 1980s and 1990s as the relationship between academic and administrative power.Since the issue of Qian Xue-sen was presented in 2009 and heatedly discussed in 2010 in the Two Sessions,it has gradually become a public topic.In the same year,the Party Central Committee and the State Council issued National medium and long-term educational reform and development program(2010-2020),which shows that the reform of de-administralization in universities has become a will of the state.Since then,many scholars have offered advice and suggestions,making study on this subject consistently heated.The de-administralization of universities is an interdisciplinary research area.A way of knowledge production that is problem-centered rather than subject-centered should be advocated.This research tries to construct a compound framework in which a multi-disciplinary knowledge is used to analyze the problem in interest-oriented perspective.First,the features and the harm of Chinese university administralization(CUA)is hackled and summarized.Then the debate will be conducted on the value of some problems.Then the article will analyze the attributions of the phenomenon of CUA.Finally,some treatments to the problems are suggested.De-administralization of Chinese universities is an epoch proposition and is transitional.It should not be viewed as a false proposition because of some discrimination.University administralization(UA)and de-administralization have rich connotations that may cause confusion.It still takes time to clarify and argue about its value.The most fundamental characteristics of UA is generalization and alienation.The bad environment lies in two aspects:one is the administralization inclination in government's management of universities or the external administration;the other is the administralization tendency of universities' organization or internal administralization.The administralization of Chinese institutions of higher learning is,from the relationship between the government and universities,the legalization of knowledge and excessive politicalization,from internal management mechanism it is the problem of homoemorphy of organizational structure which is caused by multiple factors.The biggest disadvantage of external administralization of universities is that autonomy is greatly intervened,controlled and confiscated,which easily lead to malpractice and is not good for educators to run the university.The disadvantage of internal administralization of universities is that the kernel value is eroded,which will finally lead to academic corruption and heterogeneity.The Chinese universities administralization did not arise within a day.It is a problem collection,which needs to be analyzed from various perspectives.Institutional change theory can be applied to explain the cause of CUA through legality mechanism.The existence of higher education is based on epistemology and political theory.The social and economical development has urged universities to evolve from the former ivory tower to today's social service station.The country's need is the extrinsic driving force with which universities change the logic and the route of knowledge production and seek legality.Modern Chinese universities are bearing the responsibility of richening the country and strengthening the army,thus,they were under the strict control of the government from the beginning and their political significance outweighs the academic significance.What's more,modern Chinese universities have undergone the thunderous national liberation movement and the wash of all previous political storms,thus deeply influenced by politics and administration.The institute and department adjustment movement in the initial stage of New China made the autonomy of universities under serious restraint and gave way to the state.The overrunning of political theories above the epistemology place the development of Chinese universities under serious rely on administration.Subsequently,the leadership system of Chinese universities underwent many changes,yet,they still could not remove the shadow of administralization.The color of sole-management is quite strong.The CUA is closely related with its system environment.Owing to various system pressures,Universities are affected by compulsory homoemorphy,imitation homoemorphy and normative homoemorphy,thus deepening the degree of its administralization.Besides,unit system has also deeply affected CUA.Power game is another perspective to explain the cause of CUA.From macro perspective,the decisive forces that coordinate the higher education system are mainly the state power,academic authority and the market,and three form a coordination triangle.In the planed economy era,the government controlled every aspect of the society;the market was in a hidden state and now still on the weak side.In the relationship between the government and the university,the government,by controlling the personnel administration and the financial power,form an entirely dependent structure,forcing the university to submit to it.From the micro perspective,there exists continuous spectrum of compelling power,rewarding power,and the unregulated power.But the compelling power--the administrative power tends to be stronger.Power and right are one integrity with two sides.As rights are of soft constraint to power and the administrative power are of extension,academic authorities can not balance administrative rights.As for right conditioning and balancing,we must find a way out of ruling and managing model under the formerly unifying social structure to overcome the extreme stereotyped thinking of "the one or the other" and to prevent sole centralization of power in university governance-The attribution of UA in perspective of interest can analyze its organization structure and changes via efficiency mechanism and transaction paradigm.Interest is the original motive of power and the basic motive of institutional change.The hypothesis of comparing beneficiary can effectively explain the mechanism of external and internal administration of universities.In the dependent structure of Chinese society exist two relying links;the relying of unit organization on the state and the individual's relying on the unit organization with its core content being the relying of interest.The unit organization has the property of both political power and economy,combining the economical control and the state administrative power,thus realizing the rule of the unit organization by the state and rule of the individual by the organization.The interest exchange paradigm in the process of UA can be summarized as "obedience-resources" and "approval-resources" paradigm.These two exchange paradigms contribute to consolidating and strengthening the legality of power,thus intensifying the degree of UA.The academic corruption of conspirating administrative and academic power is done by power subject in order to seek the abnormal returns by exchanging interest.Seeking the root of system changes is inseparable from the study of culture as the influence of culture on people's action is lasting and effective.The organization feature of loose coupling and their own mission cause universities endogenous culture include mainly the three aspects of university self-government,academic freedom and human spirit.But under the domination of political philosophy,university organizations are planted with numerous foreign culture elements like discipline and responsibility.Universities are where cultures spread and different cultures collide.In modern universities the two existing systems of academy and administration include two logics,forming two kinds of culture with different value orientations,thus arising the intensity and clashes between cultures.The hyperstable structure of politics,economy and culture that were formed in thousands of years of feudalist production mode and the thoughts of great unification and centralization,unification of politics and education,governmental academic administration and bureaucrat orientation,all these thoughts have produced great assimilation,causing the bureaucrat culture flow without resistance.Besides,the insufficience of people's modernized awareness is also directly related to UA.Chinese intellectuals had always the thoughts of respecting and fearing officials,which has added to the internal motives of UA.The reform of de-administralization of Chinese university is a complex social systematic project;it also should be embarked on from two aspects of inside and outside.From the government-university relationship,the strategy of conductivity changes can be applied to realize the imposed institutional changes of government promoting.The guiding ideology of reform is to realize network governance mode.The interest subjects relevant to higher education are viewed as mutual game players:all the subjects rely on mutually;clash mutually;compromise and coordinate mutually,and therefore,balance will be achieved by game playing;and integration achieved by conflicting.So the government's responsibility assuming is crucially important.Seen from reshape of administration system,to model the service-oriented management is a practical choice of routes.The ideal of service administration should be introduced into university management work.The demands of interest-related teachers and students should be the guide and via democratic negotiation mechanism,the cooperation and co-management will be achieved,and service of high quality offered for teaching and research of the whole university.Although the de-administralization of CA is logically rational,it does not mean success will come,when conditions are ripe enough.It will meet with many obstacles and challenges.The congenital deficiency of the exterior environment and the weakness of the interior major forces of grass-root reform subjects have decided on the long term and enormity of the task.Therefore it does not only call for the launch and push of the higher departments but also support and cooperation of the society and more of the self-consciousness and efforts of the university itself.