Research On Educational Governance Of Xinjiang Local Government During The Republic Of China (1912-1944)

During the Republic of China,borderland crisis got the further aggravation.For the most time,in the period of the Republic of China,there was a delicate relationship between the Xinjiang local government and the central government,although Xinjiang was out of the real control of the central government.In the nationwide unstable situation,Xinjiang local governments,as a power in northwest,has maintained borderland's stability and promoted country's safe in different degree for their education administration,which is a key factor.The education administration conducted by Yang Zenxin,Jin Shu ren and Sheng Shicai is not only about the education development of Xinjiang,but also the borderland's politics and even the whole country's security.Thus,to serve politics is a significant respect in Xinjiang education research focused in the period of the Republic of China,which is the very reason for the selection of education.administration in this research.This dissertation analyzed and presented the history based on a wealthy of historical literature,which adopted borderland politics,education politics,problem-oriented education history as theoretical bases,focused on both positive and negative implications of Xinjiang education administration during the republic of China period on local stability and national security,covered the analyses on political and historical background,standpoint and attitude of the administrators,measures and settings of minority and Han education,duality of educational security and development in borderland,educational relationship between central and local government.Besides,for the vividness,the application of case study and combination of history and theory were employed.On the one hand,historical reference and realistic reflection was achieved through the joint of history and reality;on the other hand,comparison and analyses were obtained by exploring the merits and demerits of the three governments.Finally,the realistic inspiration was drawn from the history,and the academic prospects of this research will be discussed.Based on the above thinking,this paper holds the main viewpoints as follows:On the political and historical background of education administration:Yang Zengxin government existed in Xinjiang which entered into the republic period initially,and caused the complicated political variation,had the educational backwardness on the historical condition.When Xinjiang was ruled by Jin Shuren government,it was the time that Nanjing national government strived for unity,and the political base of Xinjiang was weak.For the education,it was improved but still extreme obsolete.When Sheng Shicai governed Xinjiang,China entered into the period of Anti-Japanese War.Sheng held the favorable chance both in domestic and in the international;this would be helpful to initiate the new situation,although Kuomintang(KMT)central government began to make the real movement on controlling Xinjiang and the internal turmoil of Xinjiang happened.On the political concept and the corresponding educational administration:Yang Zengxin government held the dense concept of feudal ethics because of Yang's past identity of Qing dynasty officials,together with the internal and external crises existed in Xinjiang society.Therefore,Yang insisted the political concept of controlling the borderland and the educational concept of unification of nourish and prevention.Jin Shuren government was full of infatuation to the group interests and power politics because of the political leader Jin's superficial insight,insufficient ability and narrow-minded political vision.And then Jin Shuren government kept tightly to"Si-tong" concept on political small group,and held the expedient attitude to the educational administration.Sheng Shicai government leaded by the political speculator Sheng who had the new thought,and formed the change-adapt political style.Therefore,Sheng Shicai spotted the cruxes of Xinjiang society,and proposed "Six Policy" and"Shuang-yi" education administration guideline.On the education of Minorities and Han:Yang Zengxin government pursued the educational schism,the government-running education was put in the Han way and concentrated on local governance,minority private education was kept under the supervision in order to defend the infiltration of exotic ideology,but still kept the feudal religious education to get the reflective effect.Jin Shuren government basically followed the Yang's strategy on public education and extended the number of school finitely,but lacked the capability to supervise the minority education,even without any intervention.Sheng Shicai government put forward the "form of nationality and content of Six Policy "education administration guideline,as a result,minority and Hand education gained joint development,Government and populace cooperated with each other,both public school education and schooling of Nationality Culture Promotion Society(NCPS)got prosperous.On the weigh of the borderland dual natures(security and development)about education:Yang Zengxin government gave the consideration to them both,but paid more attention to the security.For security,Yang insisted on isolating and traditional principles;for development,he considered the industrial education as the base and the normal education as a supplement.Jin Shuren government's education administration overemphasized the military education to strengthen the control and prevent the minority intellectuals,and did not have a long-term plan or adequate movement on the borderland education development.Sheng shicai government gained the balance in duality.On the border security,Sheng strengthened the government policies education in all kinds of schools to build the ideology defense,advocated the concept of establishing province among the teachers and students to enhance the rear area,and improved the education institutions to enhance supervision and guidance.On the border development,Sheng actively pushed forward the education plans and arrangements,enlarged the education investment to ensure the realization of education policies and the establishment of compulsory education,and development of various schools.On the relationship between central and local government:Yang Zengxin government kept the weak connection with central government adhere to the Xinjiang educational self-determination;Jin Shuren government paid attention to the prevention of practical effects from the KMT central government of but obeyed its general administrative instruction;Sheng Shicai government developed education not by depending on the supports from the KMT central government of,and absorbed various supports from the Soviet Union,the Chinese Communist Party(CCP)and democratic personages.The personal political interests of Sheng had the priority;the responds to the central movement were in a secondary place.The discussions on Xinjiang College and Xinjiang People's Federation to Anti-Japanese(SPFAT),two history markings of education administration,enables the joint of Xinjiang contemporary higher education and national general language education,and further reflection on their various problems.On the analysis and review of education administration put forward by Xinjiang local governments in the time of Republic of China:this paper holds that Yang Zengxin government's education administration had merits and demerits as well,Jin's caused more failures than achievements in general,Sheng's performed more in success,and had profound reference significance.By the end,this paper summarized several historical implications:from the objective facts,Xinjiang's education in the time of Republic of China was not always lagging behind,but rose and fell closely relating to different education administration.From the government subjective action,the government has to dominate the education development in borderland not only by guiding the political orientation of education,but also by improving the governance of regional security with education.From the historical cognition,the education administration of local government should attach equal importance to both security and development,develop with orientation of multi-nationalities and multi-cultures,and conform to national important historical task and political theme.The implications mentioned above will benefit the borderland governance in the new historical period and developing situation.