A Study On The Value Orientation Of Middle School Biology Textbooks In Hundred Yrars

Textbook construction is an important support for educating people and talents.It has become a consensus that small textbooks should be greatly enlightened in the field of textbook research in our country.Textbooks are not only knowledge carriers,but also value carriers.Xi Jinping's important thesis on "textbook is state power" indicates the direction for the construction and development of textbooks in China.At present,the construction of textbooks in the new era is facing many difficulties,such as popularization and globalization.It is required that the textbook construction should actively respond to the challenges of the times and provide a solid foundation for the cultivation of socialist builders and successors with Chinese characteristics who are developing morally,intellectually,physically,aesthetically and laboriously in an all-round way.Therefore,how to integrate Xi Jinping's new socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics into textbook construction and how to maintain the correctness of textbook construction in China needs various subjects to strengthen the research on textbook value orientation.Today,the value traceability of primary and secondary school textbooks of Chinese,politics and other subjects has made some progress,but the research on the evolution of value orientation of middle school biology textbooks is still in a state of vacancy.President Xi Jinping stressed the importance of drawing lessons from outstanding cultural achievements both at home and abroad in his speech on philosophy and Social Sciences at the Symposium.In recent years,Whitehead's organic philosophy has attracted more and more attention."Translation and research of Whitehead's complete works" has become one of the key projects of National Social Science Fund in 2020.John Cobb Jr.,a world-famous ecological economist and academician of the National Academy of Humanities and Sciences,believes that organic philosophy is the breakthrough to solve the problems of philosophy and even social sciences.Moreover,Wang Nanshi,a famous scholar in China,mentioned that "the organic combination of Whitehead and Marx" has great theoretical and practical significance.In view of the profound insight of Whitehead's value theory of organic philosophy,it is of greatguiding significance to textbook theory,and has a theoretical guiding role in the selection,determination and improvement of the value orientation of biology textbook.This research mainly uses the methods of literature,content analysis and historical comparison.Through the method of literature,this paper sorts out the general situation of the publication of biology textbooks in middle school in the past 100 years,and refines the general characteristics of textbook publication in different periods.Through the method of content analysis,according to the value orientation analysis framework of biological textbooks,this paper explores the value orientation of textbooks in different periods from the perspectives of textbook content,textbook presentation,curriculum standards,and textbook compiling subjects.By using the method of historical comparison,this paper makes a vertical and horizontal comparison of the development process of biology textbooks in middle schools in the past 100 years,summarizes its evolution characteristics and existing problems,and further points out the compilation purport of the value orientation of biology textbooks from the perspective of organic philosophy.The value orientation of biology textbooks in middle schools in the past century has gone through three stages: textbooks with structural orientation,textbooks with pragmatism orientation and textbooks with multiple orientations.The biology textbooks of middle school in the modern sense of our country began at the end of the Qing Dynasty,which is the product of the eastward spread of Western learning.Under the application psychology of eager for success,textbooks are endowed with the value of "salvation".During this period,Chinese mainly imported the structure of Western textbooks,showing the structuralism orientation of "following the gourd and drawing the gourd";after that,biology experienced a short period of great development,especially in the period when pragmatism prevailed in China,the concept of experience and practicality of biology textbooks was put forward.From the founding of new China to the eve of the new curriculum reform,Biology textbook development has gone through twists and turns,which has also undergone morphological and epistemological changes in the form of "imitating the Soviet Union" to "embracing all cultures".Throughout the evolution of the value orientation of middle school biology textbooks in China over the past 100 years,it shows typical development characteristics from essence to diversity.In terms of orientation of curriculum objectives,it is fromknowledge orientation to literacy orientation;in terms of the content orientation of biology textbooks,it is from natural history to biology;in terms of the subject orientation of compiling biological teaching books,the professionalism and academic nature have become increasingly prominent;and in terms of orientation of textbook presentation,it is from textbook orientation to academic material orientation.On the macro concept,political orientation runs through the whole.The goal,content,writer orientation,presentation method and concept all reflect the essence to the pluralistic approach.Through the text analysis,it is found that the value orientation of biology textbooks in middle school in 100 years has the following problems: over emphasis on structure from the perspective of essentialism;excessive emphasis on the romantic spirit of science at the anti-essential level;from the perspective of the integration of the two,the homogenization of essence and anti-essence lead to the oriented equalitarianism.Finally,this study looks forward to the value orientation of biology textbooks from the perspective of organic philosophy,and proposes a variety of possible paths for the value orientation of organic philosophy: in terms of goal construction,biology textbooks should highlight the community of the fate of the biosphere;in terms of compiling thinking,the textbooks with the value orientation of organic philosophy should pay attention to relational thinking;in terms of curriculum understanding,biology textbooks with organic philosophy value orientation should integrate logical understanding and aesthetic understanding;in curriculum vision,biological textbooks with organic philosophy value orientation should return to colorful life.On this basis,it points out that the compilation of biology textbooks should pay attention to the dimensions of integrity,ecology,life and education.To clarify the process,characteristics and problems of the evolution of the value orientation of biology textbooks in middle schools in the past century requires not only the experience summaried from a historical perspective,but also an ontological perspective.An organic philosophical thinking from the perspective of value orientation can not only help enrich and develop the theory of teaching books in China,but also can inject new vitality into the perfection of the value orientation theory of biology textbooks.