Study On Energy Consumption Benchmarking And Energy-Saving Potential Of Budget Hotels

As a new business organization of hotel,budget hotels have been introduced into China since 1997 and they have been developed actively with the improvement of people's living standards and the development of tourism industry.Budget hotels have many merits.One of them is that they have high performance to price ratio.Budget hotels pay attention to their central accommodation services and offers a low price of guest room.Another merit is the short payback period.In China,the budget hotel has been developed over 20 years,accounting for 30%market share.And the energy consumption of building accounts for more than 28%of the total energy consumption.In the future the proportion that budget hotels account for will be considerable.Budget hotels are required further investigation in the energy consumption benchmarking,composite index energy consumption benchmarking and energy saving potential.These microcosmic discussions are comparatively rare compared to other macroscopical discussions.This paper gives the energy consumption benchmarking and composite index energy consumption benchmarking for budget hotels to improve their energy-saving measures.The main contents and conclusions in this study are as follows.(1)Constructing budget hotel energy consumption benchmarking model by using multiple regression analysis theory.The multiple linear regression of Energy Star is used to established the energy consumption benchmarking,where the EUI(Energy Use Intensity)is regarded as dependent variable and many factors influencing energy consumption are regarded as independent variables.The least square method is used to fit the dependent variable and independent variables to construct the regression equation of EUI and independent variables.The energy efficiency ratio is used to indicate the energy efficiency,which is equal to the ratio of actual EUI to predicted EUI.A scoring system indexing from 1 to 100 is constructed,where 75 is the benchmark value.Finally the comparison is made between the methods used by the Chinese budget hotels and Energy Star.The actual EUI is the site energy converted from the energy consumption in the benchmarked hotel.To convert the electricity and natural gas into site energy,their energy consumption should multiply their own conversion coefficients.For the two methods,their conversion coefficients are different,neither their computations of predicted EUI.The obtained energy benchmarking can provide information for relevant government agencies performing energy saving supervision,provide method for hotel owners estimating energy saving potential and provide method for energy services company evaluating energy saving effect.(2)Constructing budget hotel composite index energy consumption benchmarking model by using multiple regression analysis theory and modeling theory of optimization.The equivalent energy use intensity(EEU1)is defined as equal to E/D,where D includes building area De.energy cost paid by operating income Dh.The weighted sum method is used to construct the EEUI equation by treating the EEUI as dependent variable and treating the many factors as independent variables.Because there is no benchmark value of EEUI given by nation or industry,the coefficients of independent variables cannot be determined.The EUI is borrowed to solve this problem.Firstly,the EEUI formula is deduced into EUI formula.Then the optimization model of coefficients of the EUI formula is built.The genetic algorithm is used to solve this optimization problem,regarding the coefficients of independent variables as optimization variables and regarding independent variables as constants.The obtained optimized independent variables are substituted into the EUI formula for test.When they pass the test they will be substituted into the EEUI formula to construct the final optimized EEUI formula,which is used as the budget hotel composite index energy consumption benchmarking.It can provide useful information for green hotel certification and composite index energy consumption benchmarking.(3)According to the characteristics of budget hotel,constructing the energy-saving retrofit model and giving the computation of energy-saving potential.Two energy-saving retrofit programs are introduced from the perspective of energy-saving potential.The lighting energy-saving retrofit program leaded by the budget hotel itself is first discussed.And the energy-saving design objectives involving economic and technology are given.This program can meet the need of annual energy efficiency,internal rate of return,net present value,dynamic payout period of engineering investment,and lighting performance.It can give play to hotel's capacity of will to achieve the implementation of integrating both design and management of lighting energy-saving retrofit.And then the energy consumption distribution is discussed in detail,which mainly includes the energy consumption flow of various energies(electricity and gas)that starts from inlet,flows through various functional areas and energy-using equipment set,finally is exhausted at tenninal equipment.The general bill of energy consumption of hotel is given learning from the BOM(Bill of Material)used in mechanical manufacturing.The functional area and energy-using equipment included with the controller of energy consumption are connected.The relationship between energy saving retrofit and energy saving potential is discussed.The allowable value of energy-saving retrofit can be computed according to the Standard for Energy Consumption of Building(GB/T51161-2016)enacted in 2016.Once the allowable value is satisfied,the energy-saving potential can be computed.Iin the end both the energy coinsumption benchmarking and composite index energy consumption benchmarking can be denoted by energy utilization,and the energy-saving potential can be denoted by the energy-saving ratio of EUI of energy-saving retrofit program.