Research On The Sustainable Livelihoods Of Vulnerable Households Alleviated From Poverty

At the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,rural areas are in general absolute poverty.After nearly 40 years of reform and opening up,cause of poverty reduction has made remarkable achievements.By 2017,the number of rural poor in China has dropped to 30.46 million,incidence of poverty has dropped to 3.1 percent.Just as poverty is an eternal phenomenon in human society,returning to poverty has always been accompanied by anti-poverty governance.It is very difficult for the remaining poor people to get rid of poverty.The pressure of poverty alleviation responsibility forms the objective existence of the contradiction between poverty reduction quantity and poverty alleviation quality in China’s poverty control practice.It has led to the problem of vulnerability in poverty reduction from time to time.To eliminate the fragile factors,improve the ability to make a sustainable living,reduce the number of families with vulnerable out of poverty,reduce the pressure of returning to poverty,it is the necessary conditions to complete the task of poverty alleviation and ensure the quality of building a well-off society in all-round way by 2020.Taking the special group of poor and vulnerable households as research object,this paper objectively analyzes the phenomenon of returning to poverty in the anti-poverty course during the period of poverty eradication from the historical to the practical dimensions.It thinks that some temporary poverty-stricken households who have realized “two worries and three guarantees” are still have vulnerable livelihood because of their inadequate assets,less self-development ability,and overall poverty at the village level,as well as the effectiveness of the anti-poverty governance system at the grass-roots level.This paper analyzes the causes of vulnerable out of poverty,the current situation of livelihood,puts forward some countermeasures for the sustainable livelihood of the poor and vulnerable out of poverty guided by Marx’s anti-poverty theory and China’s anti-poverty governance theory,also drawing on the western anti-poverty theory.Specifically,it includes the following contents.Analysis of the objective necessity of returning to poverty and the existence of families with vulnerable out of poverty is important.Poverty is the combination result from economic,social,historical,cultural and natural factors.The types of poverty include absolute poverty,relative poverty,living poverty and development poverty,productive poverty and social poverty,material poverty and spiritual poverty,etc.The causes of poverty are often also the causes of returning to poverty.Returning to poverty is known as the riddle of anti-poverty governance,that is,the original poor,people out of poverty,the new poor people will be produced,the new generation of poor people may include the original people out of poverty.China’s anti-poverty governance has achieved world-recognized historical achievements,maded significant contributions to the cause of human anti-poverty,but also in the various anti-poverty stage,this is an objective phenomenon.With the acceleration of the process of poverty alleviation in China and the realization of building a well-off society by 2020,the numbers of poverty-stricken people in China will be greatly reduced.At present,families with vulnerable out of poverty is mainly due to illness,education expenses,unemployment,business failure,with the characteristics of frequent,regional and heterogeneous.Therefore,we should treat the return to poverty objectively and attach great importance to the problem of vulnerability of poverty reduction in the crucial period of poverty alleviation.Analyze the generation of vulnerable out of poverty should not only analyze the poverty status and causes of poor households before poverty eradication,but also analyze the effectiveness of policy measures in the process of poverty eradication and the internal and external constraints to achieve the goal of sustainable livelihood after poverty eradication.According to the theory of vulnerability and poverty alleviation and the theory of sustainable livelihood,this paper puts forward five basic methods to measure the vulnerability of poverty alleviation,that is,the measurement of historical dimension of poverty,the measurement of livelihood assets,the measurement of income and consumption information,the measurement of sustainable livelihood capacity and the measurement of return to poverty duration.The author believes that poverty in the past does not mean poverty in the future,but poverty in the past and poverty in the future is bound to have a certain link and often poor farmers in the past are more likely to return to poverty in the future.Therefore,according to the quantity and quality of livelihood assets,income source and structure,the proportion of development consumption in total consumption expenditure,the number of the poor farmers returned to poverty after poverty and the time to stay in poverty trap,the sensitivity to market risk and natural disaster risk,we can predict the possibility and vulnerability of poverty alleviation,move forward the anti-poverty policy.Livelihood is a state of life,poor and vulnerable households rely heavily on traditional livelihoods because of their inadequate livelihood assets and lack of self-development capacity.Because of sustainable alternative means of livelihood are not fully established,they are in the transition period from old means of livelihood to new means of livelihood as a whole,with unstable income,single source of income,low proportion of high income,low proportion of family development consumption in total consumption expenditure and conservative non-agricultural business activities.When exposed to adverse environmental shocks,they are vulnerable to risk shocks once again,experiencing repeated transitions from temporary to light poverty,from light to deep poverty,from temporary to long-term poverty,from relative to absolute poverty in one or more stages.Because the livelihood strategy is not the same,there are also big differences in the livelihood results between pure agriculture farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction,part-time farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction and non-agricultural farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction.Compared with the first two farmers,the livelihood results of non-agricultural farmers are in accordance with the economic principle of positive correlation between risk and income.Social system,economical transformation,economical upgrading,market decisive role,infrastructure,public services,organization construction etc constitute the external environment for livelihood of farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction.Poor and vulnerable households with different livelihood assets and livelihood strategies in taking advantage of favorable conditions in the external environment and addressing the vulnerability of households to livelihood have different levels of sustainable livelihoods.Describe the livelihood status of vulnerable households out of poverty is the link content of the paper.Propose ways to achieve sustainable livelihoods for farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction is the most important thing.The unsustainable livelihood for the farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction is manifested by the shortage of livelihood assets.But the fundamental cause is the lack of capacity in grasping external supports form effective traction force.Therefore,it is necessary to explore the key point of achieving sustainable livelihood from the two aspects of the farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction themselves and the external environment.First of all,farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction should take the initiative to cultivate there endogenous capacity,rely on the improvement of self-development ability to achieve the increase in the quantity and quality of family livelihood capital;Secondly,rural reconstruction is used to promote sustainable livelihoods for farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction.Play the role of rural grass-roots party organizations fighting fort,combine the autonomy,rule of law,rule of virtue to build a modern rural governance system,inherit rural farming civilization,advocate a healthy and civilized way of life,revitalize the rural assets to expand the collective economy,cultivate professional cooperatives consciousness and rural collective economic cooperation organizations and other new business entities,establish an effective benefit connection mechanism,with the overall prosperity of the countryside to drive the farmers with vulnerable poverty reduction stablly from out of poverty to get rich.Third,by strengthen the system design and improve the efficiency of anti-poverty to realize their sustainable livelihoods.The content includes four main aspects: establishing a perfect poverty correct mechanism,realize the equalization of public services,establish a moderate inclusive anti-poverty system and a mechanism for the coordinated development between government and market.