The Research On The Occurrence And Prevention Of Pesticide-use Moral Hazard

With the development of social economy and the improvement of living standard,consumers' consumption concept is upgrading from subsistence to enjoyment,and they also put forward higher requirements on the quality and safety level of vegetables,and increasingly prefer green and organic vegetables.Due to the information asymmetry and externality in vegetable market,in the process of pesticide use,even if vegetable farmers realize that the use of unsafe pesticides,excessive use of pesticides,violations of pesticide safety intervals and other violations may cause harm,driven by the interests,the above behaviors still exist,which leads to moral hazard.The moral hazard of pesticide use by vegetable farmers leads to the shortage of effective supply of safe vegetables,which directly affects the quality safety of vegetables and the health of consumers in China,and also leads to the endless problems of environmental pollution.To provide safe,nutritious,fresh and high-quality agricultural products for consumers and reduce the supply of ineffective and harmful agricultural products is the key direction of China's current agricultural supply-side structural reform.Therefore,it has become an urgent scientific problem to clarify the occurrence mechanism of "moral hazard" of vegetable farmers,find out the significant factors affecting the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers,and put forward targeted measures to prevent and avoid the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers.Based on this,this study,entitled " The Research on The Occurrence and Prevention of Pesticide-use Moral Hazard ",conducted field research on pesticide use behavior of vegetable farmers,understood the current situation of moral hazard of vegetable farmers from three aspects: unsafe pesticide use,excessive pesticide use and violation of pesticide safety intervals,explored the inner mechanism of the occurrence of moral hazard in the use of pesticide by vegetable farmers,found out the factors influencing the occurrence of moral hazard of pesticide use in vegetable farmers,and put forward the corresponding preventive measures based on the experience of foreign pesticide management and the related research of other scholars at home and abroad.It has important practical significance and application value for improving pesticide application level of vegetable farmers,reducing pesticide residue in vegetables and ensuring the quality and safety of vegetables.Based on the Principal-Agent Theory,game theory and other relevant theories,According to the basic ideas of raising,analyzing and solving problems and using the survey data of 396 vegetable farmers in Liaoning Province,this study measure the occurrence of moral hazard in pesticide use of vegetable farmers,analyzed and verified the mechanism of moral hazard in pesticide use behavior of vegetable farmers.The thesis analyzed the factors influencing the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers from three aspects: unsafe pesticide use,excessive pesticide use and violation of pesticide safety intervals,and put forward specific measures to prevent the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers,so as to provide reference for the government to standardize the pesticide application behavior of vegetable farmers and guarantee the quality and safety of vegetables.This study consists of nine chapters,and mainly researching can be summarized as follows:(1)The theoretical analysis on the moral hazard of pesticide use in vegetable farmers.Based on the principal-agent theory and expected utility theory explain the mechanism of vegetable farmers' moral hazard,It is concluded that the moral hazard of vegetable farmers depends on the expected total effectiveness of pesticide use,The moral hazard of pesticide use in vegetable farmers is influenced by individual characteristics,planting characteristics,government regulation characteristics,market subject characteristics,agricultural cooperative economic organization characteristics and other factors.Analyze the relationship between government regulation and moral hazard of vegetable farmers from the perspective of incomplete information static game,It is found that the frequency of government detection and the severity of government punishment are important factors affecting the occurrence of moral hazard.Analyze the relationship between the market subject and the moral hazard of vegetable farmers from the perspective of Static game of incomplete information,static game of complete information,single game of incomplete information and repeated game of incomplete information,It is found that the degree of perfection of the market mechanism,the effective transmission of information in the market,the level of information screening of consumers,whether green and safe vegetables can be sold at a high price and the neighborhood effect are important factors affecting the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers;Analyze the relationship between agricultural cooperative economic organization and moral hazard of vegetable farmers from the perspective of incomplete information static game,It is found that the agricultural economic cooperative organization has a restraining effect on the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers,and the expansion of the supervision scope of the agricultural economic cooperative organization has a positive effect on preventing the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers.(2)Measurement the moral hazard of vegetable farmers.Described and analyzed the individual characteristics,management characteristics,government regulation characteristics,market factor characteristics and characteristics of agricultural cooperative economic organization of 396 sample vegetable farmers;Developed the scale and use the factor analysis method of dimensionality reduction to measure the pesticide cognitive ability of vegetable farmers;Measure pesticide use behavior of vegetable farmers;Based on the interactive analysis of the cognitive ability of pesticide use and pesticide use behavior,the occurrence of moral hazard of pesticide use in vegetable farmers was measured.The results showed that among the 148 sample farmers who used unsafe pesticides,80 of them had the ability to recognize the harmfulness of unsafe pesticides and had the moral hazard of using unsafe pesticides.Among the 152 sample vegetable farmers who used excessive pesticide,84 of them had the cognitive ability to the harm of excessive pesticide use and had the moral hazard of excessive pesticide use.Among the 160 sample vegetable farmers who violated the pesticide safety interval,65 of them had the cognitive ability to the hazard of violating the pesticide safety interval,and the moral hazard of violating the pesticide safety interval occurred.(3)The influencing factors of vegetable farmers' unsafe pesticide use moral hazard.Based on expected utility theory,the moral hazard analysis framework of unsafe pesticides used by vegetable farmers was constructed,and put forward two research hypotheses.the influencing factors of moral hazard of vegetable farmers were analyzed using the binary Logit model and OLS regression model.The model parameter estimation of the influencing factors of vegetable farmers' unsafe pesticide use moral hazard,The risk types,prices,cooperation organization,pre-sale detection,publicity and training and subsidies for farmers to use pesticides unsafe pesticide moral hazard are significant at the 1% level.Specifically,the risk types of vegetable farmers significantly affected the occurrence of moral hazard of using unsafe pesticides at the 1% level.The poorer the family economic condition is,the more likely it is to produce moral hazard.The participation of vegetable farmers in the agricultural economic cooperative organization and the market price factors significantly affect the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers at the level of 1% and 5% respectively.Factors such as government pre-sales testing,publicity and training,pesticide subsidy and government punishment degree also have significant binding force on moral hazard of vegetable farmers at the level of 1% and 5% respectively.However,the influence of sales contract and planting supervision on moral hazard of vegetable farmers is not significant and has no significant statistical significance.(4)The influencing factors of vegetable farmers' excessive pesticide use moral hazard.Through the establishment of damage control model,the moral hazard analysis framework of excessive pesticide use by vegetable farmers was established.and put forward four research hypotheses.OLS regression model and Probit regression model were used to analyze the effect of pesticide and the influencing factors of moral hazard of vegetable farmers.The results showed that pesticide input positively influenced the vegetable planting income of vegetable farmers at the level of 1%.The model parameter estimation of the influencing factors of vegetable farmers' excessive pesticide use moral hazard,price impact,output impact,neighborhood effect,cooperation organization,the contract of sale,pre-sale testing,the degree of punishment and risk types of vegetable farmers excessive pesticide use moral hazard effects were significant at 1% level.Specifically,market income guarantee is a significant factor affecting the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers.Both output impact and price impact significantly affect the occurrence of moral hazard of excessive pesticide use of vegetable farmers at the level of 1%.Pre-sales testing and punishment degree can reduce the probability of moral hazard of vegetable farmers.Whether to join the agricultural economic cooperative organization and the sales contract will negatively affect the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers at the level of 1% and 5% respectively.However,the influence of publicity training and planting supervision on moral hazard of vegetable farmers is not significant.(5)The influencing factors of vegetable farmers' violation of pesticide safety intervals moral hazard.Constructed the moral hazard analysis framework of pesticide safety interval violation by vegetable farmers,and put forward four research hypotheses.The influencing factors of moral hazard of vegetable farmers were analyzed by using the Logit model and OLS regression model.The model parameter estimation of the influencing factors of vegetable farmers' violation of pesticide safety intervals moral hazard,the influence of price impact and risk type on the moral hazard of vegetable farmers violating pesticide safety interval is significant at 1% level.Specifically,The pre-sales testing and publicity training in government regulations significantly affect the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers at the level of 10% and 5% respectively.However,the influence of sales contract,planting supervision and punishment degree is not significant.The neighborhood effect significantly affected the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers.The price influence of market factors significantly affects the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers at the level of 1% and 5%.Whether to join the agricultural economic cooperative organization has a negative influence on the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers at the level of 5% and 10%.(6)The prevention of the moral hazard of pesticide use in vegetable farmers.Based on the above findings,in order to prevent the moral hazard of pesticide use by vegetable farmers and ensure the quality and safety level of vegetables,on the basis of learning from foreign experience,this thesis puts forward the policy priority of regulating pesticide use behavior of vegetable farmers from the economic,social andlegal perspectives,and puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions in the following three aspects:First,the government should strengthen the monitoring system of pesticide retailers and the traceability system of vegetable quality and safety,intensify the detection of pesticide residues,train agricultural technical personnel,provide technical guidance,popularize the credit system of farmers' production behavior,and improve the incentive and restraint mechanism.Second,in the aspect of market,vegetable farmers should strengthen moral cultivation,improve quality and safety awareness,and enhance social responsibility.We should further improve the vegetable market system,strengthen the construction of vegetable infrastructure and enhance the driving capacity.Third,we should improve the organization of vegetable farmers,improve the service function of the agricultural economic cooperative organization,and strengthen the management and supervision of its members.The possible innovations of this thesis are as follows:First,in the perspective of research,in this study,consumers and vegetable producers were included in the Principal-Agent analysis framework.From the perspectives of unsafe pesticide use,excessive pesticide use and violation of pesticide safety intervals,this thesis explains and verifies the mechanism of moral hazard of vegetable farmers,expands the perspective of research on farmers' behavior,and is an effective supplement to the existing literature,thus it has certain innovation.Second,In terms of the research contents,the research analyzed the moral hazard of vegetable farmers from three aspects: unsafe pesticide use,excessive pesticide use and violation of pesticide safety intervals,including three stages in vegetable production: pre-production,in-production and post-production.However,most of the previous studies on farmers' pesticide use behavior focused on the studies in production,so this study is more comprehensive.This study not only explains the influencing factors of the occurrence of moral hazard of vegetable farmers,but also determines the key policy priorities of preventing moral hazard of vegetable farmers from the perspectives of economy,society and law.This study also puts forward the specific measures to prevent moral hazard of vegetable farmers from the perspectives of government,market and agricultural economic cooperative organization,thus the contents are more systematic.In this study,vegetable farmers were classified according to their cognition of the consequences of pesticide use and their behaviors,the cognition and pesticide use behavior of vegetable farmers were analyzed interactively,and the moral hazard of pesticide use of vegetable farmers was measured on the basis of their cognition of the harmfulness of illegal pesticide use,and whether unsafe pesticide use,excessive pesticide use and violation of pesticide safety intervals occurred in the process of pesticide use,thus it has certain innovation.