Research On Total Factor Productivity Of Chinese Cities Under The Constraint Of Resources And Environment

Through the development of reform and opening up for forty years,China has got rid of the basic characteristics of a shortage economy.Although China's GDP has continued to grow rapidly,the long-term pursuit of speed growth model is costly.China's economy is facing an increasing cost of "floor",and the "ceiling" of resource and environmental capacity near the upper limit.The marginal revenue has narrowed sharply,and the space for rapid economic growth has gradually narrowed.In the past,the development model that relied on factor input to drive economic growth was difficult to sustain.Therefore,promoting high-quality development should be the fundamental requirement for formulating economic policies,determining development ideas,and implementing macro-control in the coming period.Among them,improving total factor productivity is the key to promoting high-quality development.With this in mind,the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has made the deployment of”supply-side structural reform as the main line to promote economic development quality change,efficiency change,power change,and increase total factor productivity.”As a component of regional economy,cities are the cells of macroeconomic operation.It is especially important to improve the development of high-quality development policy system and realize the long-term healthy and stable development of China's economy.From the existing literature on the study of total factor productivity,the countries and provinces are mainly used as research objects,and most of the calculations do not consider resource and environmental constraints,and the results can not objectively measure the economic development of a region.A systematic study of urban total factor productivity is even more lacking.Therefore,based on the data at the city level,this paper takes the total factor productivity under the constraints of resources and environment as the research goal,and calculates and decomposes it by data envelopment analysis,from the evolution characteristics,convergence,influencing factors and improvement paths of total factor productivity.In terms of the analysis and comparative analysis of the total sample and the sub-sample,the differences between different types of cities are studied to provide a basis for the government departments to accurately apply.The details are as follows:Introduction.Firstly,the research background of this paper is introduced from four aspects,and the research significance is discussed from the theoretical and realistic levels.Secondly,the research on the theoretical connotation,measurement method and empirical research of total factor productivity in domestic and international academic circles is reviewed.The results,put forward the problems that need to be solved in this paper;finally summarize the research content,basic ideas and innovative research.The first chapter is the introduction of basic theory.Firstly,based on the source of economic growth,this paper briefly reviews the development history of economic growth theory,then summarizes the connotation and theoretical development of total factor productivity,and finally combs and summarizes the measurement method of total factor productivity growth.The empirical study of the text lays the theoretical foundation.The second chapter is the measurement and descriptive analysis of urban total factor productivity under the constraints of resources and environment.Firstly,the principle of the measurement and decomposition method of urban total factor productivity under the constraints of resources and environment is introduced.Then,the indicators including resource input and "unexpected output"are selected.Based on CRS-Malmquist-Luenberger index method,275 cities in China.The total factor productivity is measured and broken down into efficiency changes and technological changes.Based on the results of the measured decomposition,time evolution analysis and comparative analysis were carried out from the sample,regional and urban scale samples.The third chapter is the analysis of the convergence of urban total factor productivity.Firstly,the convergence theory and mechanism are introduced.Then,the total sample and the sub-sample are used to perform the a convergence test and the absolute ? convergence of the spatial factors,and further include the "continuity" and"dynamicity" for the conditional ? convergence test.The fourth chapter analyzes the influencing factors of urban total factor productivity.Firstly,based on the theoretical layer,the mechanism of the factors affecting the total factor productivity of the city is analyzed,and then the index system and the spatial dynamic SDM model are constructed.The influence factors and transmission mechanism of the total sample and sub-samples on the total factor productivity of the city are from the short-term and long-term.Empirical studies have been conducted on direct and indirect effects.The fifth chapter is the path choice of urban total factor productivity improvement.Firstly,based on the factor endowment theory,this paper analyzes the path of urban total factor productivity improvement,and theoretically demonstrates that the "suitability innovation" model is closely related to the regional institutional environment,human capital and economic development level,and then establishes the threshold model,the total sample.And sub-samples demonstrate the existence of the"suitability innovation" model.Finally,the conclusions,revelations and deficiencies of this paper are studied.Through the above research,the following main conclusions are obtained:1.China's total factor productivity,efficiency and technology index all showed an increasing trend;the total factor productivity and technical level of the eastern,central and western regions showed an overall upward trend,and the efficiency showed an overall stable trend and fluctuating characteristics;different scales The city's total factor productivity and technical level show an overall upward trend,and efficiency is also a smooth wave dynamic.2.The driving force for urban total factor productivity growth is mainly due to the improvement of technology level and the small increase in efficiency,which has become a bottleneck restricting the growth of total factor productivity.3.There is a difference in urban total factor productivity,efficiency and technology level between cities in different regions and cities of different sizes.The overall situation in the eastern region showed a slight downward trend,the central region was relatively stable,and the western region as a whole showed a clear upward trend.Mega-cities and large cities have seen a slight upward trend.The efficiency levels of medium-sized cities and small cities have declined slightly.They have shown different fluctuation characteristics in different time intervals.4.There is no ? convergence in cities,three regions and four groups of cities of different scales;there is no absolute ? convergence in cities and small cities in the central and western regions;in the conditional beta convergence test after adding influencing factors,Midwestern cities,medium-sized cities and There is no conditional ? convergence in small cities;further,the conditional ? convergence test of time and space lag terms is added,and the total sample,the regional sample and the urban samples of different scales all exhibit conditional ? convergence.It shows that the development gap between cities and the speed of development have an important relationship with the economic foundation and various influencing factors.5.Scientific research input,economic development level,and human capital are the direct driving forces for promoting the growth of urban total factor productivity in China,and the infrastructure has a certain degree of hindrance.There are also some differences between regions and cities of different sizes.These differences are reflected in:First,the human capital in the eastern cities is an important driving force for TFP growth,but it has become an important factor hindering the development of western cities.Second,the advanced industrial structure is applicable to the current development characteristics of megacities.It plays a positive role,but it is not suitable for the development characteristics of other cities.Third,financial development is a"double-edged sword",which improves the technical level while reducing efficiency.Fourth,the economically developed cities are close to the neighboring regions.Economic development,human capital and other factors have a certain degree of"siphon effect."6.Overall,China has a "suitability innovation" model.The institutional environment,human capital and economic development level are all important driving forces for autonomous innovation;the path selection of the three regions is heterogeneous,taken in the east and central regions.Autonomous innovations are also more in line with regional factor endowment characteristics.Western cities are more suitable for imitative innovation;megacities and large cities should adopt independent innovation models,and medium-sized cities should adopt independent innovation models in general,but economic development levels become constraints.The important factors of "suitability innovation" in the central cities,small cities are now more suitable for the model of imitative innovation.The innovations of this paper mainly include:1.In the aspect of urban total factor productivity measurement,innovatively integrate water resources and electric energy into the resource input framework,and include wastewater,sulfur dioxide and soot as pollutants into "unexpected output".The accuracy of the measurement results is improved,and the goal of high quality development is also reflected.Second,in the empirical study of urban total factor productivity,the spatial dynamic panel model is used to incorporate the "lag" and "continuity" features of space and time into empirical research.On the one hand,the influence of policy factors is separated,on the other hand,it makes up for the shortcomings of static models that cannot estimate short-term effects,and it is more in line with the general law of economic development.Third,in the construction of comprehensive indicators of financial development level and institutional environment,the dynamic factor analysis method(DFA)is used to determine the weight of the sub-indicators.Compared with the general factor analysis,only the cross-section data can be processed,and the analysis results of the time series are added.It not only ensures the objectivity of index weights,but also comprehensively reflects the importance of each sub-indicator.In the evolution characteristics and empirical analysis of total factor productivity,this paper not only examines the universal characteristics of the total sample of the city,but also analyzes and compares the analysis of different regions and cities of different scales.,and grasps the heterogeneity of different types of cities.To provide a reference for the refinement of policies and the adaptation of local conditions.