| Since the reform and opening,China has made unprecedented achievements in economy development,rising in an all-round way.The basic achievements can not be denied.However,the severe difficulties and challenges still faced by China's economic development should never be ignored.At present,with China's economic development entering a new era,the traditional and backwardness advantages are weakening,and the "big but not strong" signatures of the real economy are still obvious.The domestic economy is still under even more severe downward pressure.Development driven by traditional factors alone are becoming increasingly unsuitable for the needs of sustainable economic development.The fundamental way out for the sustainable development of China's economy lies in the improvement of technical efficiency.Thus,economic development would transform from factor driven model to efficiency or innovation driven model.There is no doubt that innovation is the source power to promote the changes of quality,efficiency and power of economic development.Moreover,as a highland of innovation,high-tech industry can not only directly foster new growth points and produce new kinetic energy,but also has strong spillover effects,so it is of great strategic significance for building an innovative country and promoting high-quality economic development.In recent years,with the rapid development of China's high-tech industry,it has been deeply integrated into the global division of labor system,and the industrial added value has jumped to the first place in the world.At the same time,as a major strategy to promote the development of high-tech industries and the main ways of high-tech industry layout,China's high-tech industrial development zones are developing rapidly,and their innovation output efficiency has reached the international leading level,and has become the core of the development of regional high-tech industries.However,whether the development of high-tech industry has played a positive role in driving the regional economic development needs further verification.Therefore,based on the perspectives of macro high-tech industry and national high-tech zone level research,this paper analyzes the external performance brought by the development of high-tech industry and the kind of performance is mainly about the promotion of regional technical efficiency.This paper focuses on the spatial spillover of technological efficiency of high-tech industries.First,this paper analyzes the spatial spillover mechanism theoretically.Secondly,based on theoretical analysis,this paper analyzes the heterogeneity and influencing factors of the spatial spillover effect of technology efficiency caused by high-tech industry under the constraints of different development stages,different regions and different environmental variables,by using panel data of China's provinces,cities and national urban agglomerations.Finally,based on the conclusions,the paper puts forward specific policy implications.The main conclusions are as follows:First,this paper reveals the mechanism and characteristics of spatial spillover of technology efficiency caused by high-tech industry through theoretical analysis.According to the theoretical demonstration,the development process of high-tech industry has obvious externality,with certain spillover effect of technical efficiency.However,this spillover effect of technical efficiency shows remarkable heterogeneity.For the local area,on the one hand,high-tech industries can usually bring about positive spillover of technological efficiency and so that improve the technological efficiency of the local region.On the other hand,high-tech industry can also result in technology lock-in effect and make the local development fall into a dilemma.In addition,the process of high-tech industry development has a strong tendency of agglomeration,which can reduce transaction cost and produce scale effect.However,if the degree of agglomeration is go too far,it may cause congestion effect and negative technical efficiency spillover.For the adjacent areas,on the one hand,the development of high-tech industry may produce backwash effect or polarization effect,which leads to the material,human,technology and other factors of production transferring from backward areas to developed areas,and result in the trend of polarization in regional economic development.On the other hand,high-tech industry will also bring diffusion effect or trickle-down effect,which leads to the material,human,technology and other factors of production transferring from developed areas to backward areas,and bring about a win-win situation in regional economic development.Second,based on the panel data of provinces in China,this paper studies the spatial-temporal evolution of high-tech industry and technology efficiency and the correlation between them by using traditional mathematical statistics model,stochastic frontier model and geographic information technology.From the perspective of spatial distribution,most of the eastern coastal provinces and Shaanxi,Sichuan and other regions have a high degree of high-tech industry agglomeration.Most provinces in the eastern coastal areas,as well as Sichuan,Anhui,Hubei,have a high degree of diversified agglomeration of high-tech industries.The provinces with high degree of special agglomeration of high-tech industry are mainly located in the central and western regions.Most of the eastern coastal provinces have higher technology efficiency except Hebei Province,while the central and western regions are relatively low.It is remarkable that the space gravity center of both high-tech industry and technology efficiency are moving southward.Specifically speaking,in recent ten years,the space gravity center of technology efficiency is moving to the southeast as a whole,while the space gravity center of high-tech industry moves to the southwest.Actually,they are moving in the opposite direction,showing a spatial convergence trend.In addition,the technology efficiency has a positive correlation with the location quotient and diversification agglomeration of high-tech industry,and a negative correlation with specialization agglomeration of high-tech industry.Third,based on the panel data of provinces in China,this paper studies the spatial spillover effect of technology efficiency caused by high-tech industry empirically,by using geo-statistical analysis and spatial econometric model.The technology efficiency shows significant positive spatial correlation.The overlapping area of the hot-cold spot of both technology efficiency and high-tech industry is very large.Moreover,in recent years,the two "hot spots" are generally located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,especially in the Yangtze River Delta,while the "cold spots" are located in the western region,especially in Qinghai Province and its surrounding areas.The development of high-tech industry can significantly promote the progress of technology efficiency in the local and neighboring areas,and the technical efficiency spillover effect of high-tech industry agglomeration shows an "inverted U",so does the diversified agglomeration.Nevertheless,nevertheless has not been able to promote the technology efficiency in local and adjacent areas.Fourth,based on the Panel data of provinces and cities of China,This paper depicts the spatial distribution of China's national high technology zones and technical efficiency of cities,by using traditional mathematical statistics model and geostatistical analysis model.Overall,the technical efficiency of sample cities shows a trend of continuous improvement,and the technical efficiency of most cities in the eastern coastal areas is at the highest level,and then followed by the central areas,the northeast areas,and the western areas.By contrast,the technical efficiency of cities with national high-tech zones is significantly higher than that of cities without national high-tech zones,and the gap between them are widening after 2007.The spatial gravity center areas of cities technical efficiency and the output value of national high-tech zone has a large overlapping area.At the same time,their spatial distribution pattern is mainly in the south-north direction and shows weak in east-west direction.The average centers of their spatial distribution are both located in Zhejiang Province,and they are very close to each other.It is noteworthy that the two spatial gravity center areas above gradually converged since 2010,and they are highly coincided with each other especially in 2017 with a high spatial coupling coefficient of 93.58%,showing an obvious spatial correlation between them.Fifth,based on the Panel data of cities and national high-tech zones of China,This paper reveals the heterogeneity of technology efficiency spatial spillover of national high-tech zones and its spatial attenuating bound,by using spatial econometric model.During 2000-2017,we find that national high-tech zones can significantly promote the progress of technology efficiency in local areas,but it is adverse to the improvement of technology efficiency of neighboring areas.However,it can significantly improve the urban technological efficiency in general.As for the different stages,the national high-tech zones failed to propel the technical efficiency of both the local and its neighboring areas during 2000-2010.However,the national high-tech zones can significantly improve the technical efficiency of the local and its neighboring areas during 2010-2017.Furthermore,the technical efficiency spatial spillover of national high-tech zones keep running down with the geographical distance increasing.The attenuation region can be roughly divided into three regions: the first area is within 160 km,in which the technology efficiency spatial spillover effect is strong and does not decrease distinctly;the second area is within 160-260 km,in which the spillover coefficients are still significantly positive,but the coefficients start to drop down sharply.At the same time,the 260 kilometers is also the half decay distance of the technical efficiency spillover.The third area is over 260 kilometers,in which the spillover coefficients are not significant anymore,and the coefficients decline to zero when the geographical distance reaches 440 km.In fact,a circle with a radius of 260 km and the center point of a province as the centre can radiate most areas of a province for most provinces of China.Therefore,we can get that,provincial boundaries restrain the spillover of technical efficiency of national high-tech zones evidently,and national high-tech zones are more inclined to serve the local provinces.Sixth,based on the Panel data of national urban agglomerations and national high-tech zones of China,this paper analyzes the heterogeneity of technology efficiency spatial spillover of national high-tech zones from the view of urban agglomerations by using spatial econometric model.We find that the spatial spillover effect of technology efficiency of national high-tech zones is significantly different in different regions at different stages.All the national high-tech zones can significantly promote the progress of technology efficiency of the local areas among the sample national urban Agglomerations in this paper during 2000-2017.However,within the Jing-Jin-Ji region,the local national high-tech zones are not conducive to the improvement of technical efficiency of its neighboring areas,while the local national high-tech zones in the west coast of the Taiwan Straits,the Pearl River Delta and Cheng-Yu regions can promote the technical efficiency of its neighboring areas.Generally,the national high-tech zones of Shandong Peninsula,Central Plain,Yangtze River Delta,west coast of the Taiwan Straits,Pearl River Delta,middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Cheng-Yu can significantly promote the overall regional technical efficiency.However,the national high-tech zones of Northeast China,Jing-Jin-Ji and Guanzhong Plain cannot significantly improve the overall regional technical efficiency.As for the different economic development stages,during 2000-2010,the national high-tech zones of all the sample agglomerations except Guanzhong can significantly promote the local areas' technical efficiency.Simultaneously,the local national high-tech zones in Jing-Jin-Ji and Cheng-Yu can actively promote the technical efficiency of the adjacent areas.Overall,the national high-tech zones of Jing-Jin-Ji,Yangtze River Delta,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu Chongqing can significantly promote the technical efficiency of the whole regions.In contrast,the national high-tech zones of the Northeast China,Shandong Peninsula,the west coast of the Taiwan Straits,the Pearl River Delta,the Central Plains and the Guanzhong Plain,cannot be able to promote the technical efficiency of the whole regions.During 2010-2017,the national high-tech zones of all the sample agglomerations can significantly promote the local areas' technical efficiency.Simultaneously,the local national high-tech zones in Jing-Jin-Ji are adverse to the technical efficiency of the adjacent areas,while the local national high-tech zones in the west coast of Taiwan Straits,Pearl River Delta and Guanzhong can improve the technical efficiency of neighboring areas.Overall,the national high-tech zones of the Northeast China,Shandong Peninsula,Zhengyuan,the west coast of Taiwan Straits,the Pearl River Delta,Guanzhong and Cheng-Yu can significantly promote the technical efficiency of the whole regions.In contrast,the national high-tech zones of Jing-Jin-Ji,Yangtze River Delta,and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River cannot be able to promote the technical efficiency of the whole regions.Seventh,we study the interfering factor of spatial spillover of technological efficiency generated by high-tech industry in China by stochastic frontier analysis and nuclear density analysis methods.The spatial spillover of technological efficiency of high-tech industry not only depends on the internal innovation efficiency of high-tech industry,but also relate to the "development distance" among regions.We find that the high-tech industries innovation efficiency of China keeps increasing during the sample period,rising from 68.93% in 2005 to 87.21% in 2016.The high-tech industries innovation efficiency in the eastern areas is generally at the highest level,and then followed by the central areas,the western areas and the northeast areas.Under the existing condition,there is still a long way to go to improve innovation efficiency,especially for the Northeast regions of China.Those regions that have more large-scale high-tech enterprises achieve higher innovation efficiency and smaller fluctuation in innovation inefficiency.Market structure has no significant impact on the level and the fluctuation of innovation inefficiency.A larger proportion of state-owned high-tech enterprises is not conducive to the improvement of innovation efficiency,but it is helpful to alleviate excessive volatility in innovation inefficiency.Strong government intervention is harmful to the innovation efficiency,and it has no significant impact on the fluctuation of innovation inefficiency.The opening degree shows no significant impact on both the level and the fluctuation of innovation inefficiency.In addition,large-scale high-tech enterprises are easy to achieve higher innovation efficiency.The wage gap have height correlation with the spatial spillover of technological efficiency of high-tech industries.A wide regional wage gap is more likely to cause polarization effect and backwash effect that may go against with the technical efficiency spatial spillover,so that the developed areas are getting better and better and the backward areas are getting worse and worse.A narrow regional wage gap is conducive to the rational flow of human capital,and then bring about trickle-down effect or diffusion effect probably that can greatly promote positive spatial spillover of technical efficiency.In conclusion,this paper demonstrates the spatial spillover effect of high-tech industry in China in theory,and analyzes the heterogeneity and influencing factors of the spatial spillover effect of technology efficiency generated by high-tech industry under the constraints of different stages,different regions and other control variables empirically.Based on the analysis above,the paper puts forward relevant policy implications.We hope that this study can provide scientific theoretical and empirical reference resources for optimizing the spatial layout of high-tech industries,improving the regional coordinated development mechanism,and perfecting the strategic planning of national high-tech zones and national urban agglomerations in China. |
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