| Existing research on the childhood antecedents of leadership has focused on leader role occupancy, outcome, and effectiveness. Research on leadership style (critical behavior for successful leader-follower relationship and organizational success) is scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine whether socioeconomic status, family conflict, and family cohesion predict transformational, transactional, charismatic, authentic, servant, and spiritual leadership styles. The constructive-developmental theory provided the theoretical framework for this study. Participants (n = 161) with managerial experience were drawn from an online university population and other professional organizations sourced from LinkedIn. Participants completed the Hollingshead 4-factor index, the Self-Report Family Inventory, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Charismatic Leadership Scale, Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, the Servant Leadership Scale, and the Spiritual Leadership Theory Survey. Multiple hierarchical regression analyses examined the relationship between the variables. No significant relationships were found. These findings promote positive social change by informing mental health professionals and other educators on the promise of resiliency and leadership qualities among young people who are nevertheless reared in disadvantaged households. |
