| Land reclamation is an important subject in the study of modern Mongolian history.There is no systematic study on the successive land reclamations in the Mongolian banners of the Jirim League in late Qing dynasty and Republic of China eras.Especially understudied are the conflict between Mongolian princes competing for land interests in the Darqan Wang Banner,the process of settlement of disputes about the reclamations in Mongolian banners by the government of the Republic of China and the authorities of the three northeastern provinces,the conflicts between the ruling class and the Mongolian banners,as well as the anti-reclamation struggle of the nobles and ordinary Mongolian people.On the basis of absorbing previous studies,this study mainly uses archives and documents such as the Reclamation Archives of Eastern Inner Mongolia of the Archive of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,the Geographic Archives of the Documents of the Qorcin Left Wing Middle Banner Local Chronicle Office of the Archives of Qorcin Left Wing Middle Banner,and the Bayiran Ayusi Wasteland Affairs Bureau Archives of the Archive of the Qorcin District,and other historical materials.From the perspective of regional social history,a systematic study has been carried out on the problems of land reclamation in the Darqan Wang Banner in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.The study and attempts to reveal the causes,processes and effects of the reclamations of Mongolian land,and the contradictions between the Republic of China,the three northeastern provinces,and the Mongolian banners,as well as the various contradictions between the princes of Mongolia and,the complicated political situation in Eastern Inner Mongolia at that time.The thesis consists of five parts: preface,main part,conclusion,references,and appendix.The preface explaines why the topic was chosen and is considered significant,provides an overview over previous research,introduces the mainly used historical materials,the applied research methods and innovative approaches,and related explanations.The main part of the thesis is composed of the following six parts.The first chapter provides the historical background of land reclamations in the Darqan Wang Banner in the late Qing dynasty.It discusses the establishment of the aristocratic territory of the Darqan Wang Banner in the Qing Dynasty and the policies regarding Mongolian land before the "New Deal" and the reclamations in the “Cayiqa Xin Diyan Wasteland” as well as in the “Tao Liao Wasteland” during the "New Deal" period in the late Qing Dynasty.Since the reigns of Emperors Qianlong and Jiaqing,the government of the Darqan Wang Banner privately recruited people to reclaim land in the southeastern part of the banner.However,with the development of agriculture and population growth;land disputes between the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups caused conflicts.The reclamations in the “Cayiqa Xin Diyan Wasteland”resulted in the shifting from private reclamations to official reclamations by the banner,while the “Tao Liao Wasteland” was set up by the Qing court by clearing official roads.The reclamations in the wasteland has made the disagreements and contradictions between the princes and nobles of the banner more superficial,and the problem of the borders of the Mongolian people has also become more prominent.The second chapter is about the problems of the "Bayiran Ayosi Reclamation".From the records of the Bayiran Ayosi Wasteland Affairs Bureau Archives and other historical materials,we can see the relationship between the measures taken by the government of the Republic of China on the reclamation of Mongolian land and the political means and the interests of the princes within the Mongolian banners.It can be further seen from the "intra-clan disputes" of the banner that although the banner Jasaq hads the right to deal with the affairs of the whole banner,he hads no right to dispose of the land of an idle prince without the latter's consent.At the same time,the blurring of the border between the various Nutuqs of the banner caused many contradictions and disputes among the princes.In the process of handling the case,the government of the Republic of China used,on the one hand,tough measures,in order to put pressure on the Mongolian banners,and on the other hand used the upper Lama class to mediate family disputes in the Mongolian banners,in order to resolve the reclamation disputes.The "Bayiran Ayosi Reclamation" not only intensified the territorial disputes among the princes of the banner,but also had a significant impact on its subsequent reclamations.The third chapter is about the reclamations in the “Wasteland South and North of the Liaohe River”,and mainly discusses the dispute between the Dalai Beise and Dolughan ger nutuq lords,the intervention of the "Mongolian Industrial Company",and the disputes between the three northeastern provinces as well as between their authorities and the government of the Republic of China about the handling of the reclamation disputes in the Darqan Wang Banner.About the “Wasteland South and North of the Liaohe River” occurred the most intense competition for interests among the princes in the previous times of reclamation of the banner.Due to the intervention of the "Mongolian Industrial Company",the reclamation disputes between the princes of the banner became more complicated.The government of the Republic of China and the authorities of the three eastern provinces formulated and promulgated relevant regulations for the handling of reclamation disputes between the princes of the banner and used legal means to rectify the authority relations between the Jasaq and the idle princes.The Jasaq had to issue documents with official seal,in which he had to petition the provincial chief executive for approval of the reclamations.No private reclamation was allowed,thus the company's undertakings in reclamation affairs was restricted,which,in turn,allowe the government of the Republic of China to completely control the right of reclamation in Mongolian banners.In the process of reclamation,bureaucrats,merchants,and Fengxi warlords took over and enclosed a large amount of land,and the high price of land reclamation led to displacement and migration of Mongolian people,which had a great impact on their livelihood.The fourth chapter is about the problems in reclamation in “Jegün jiya quwang”.It mainly discusses the reclamation plan in the “Jegün jiya quwang”,the contradiction between (?)ndür Wang,the official wasteland bureau,and Darqan Wang,the tenants' protests in the border regions of the “Jegün jiya quwang”,the official wasteland bureau's violation of the law,and the “Jegün jiya quwang” boundary issue and reclamation fees problem.It is not difficult to find out from the research about reclamations in the “Jegün jiya quwang” that in the Fengtian province the reclamation was a part of the government's land clearance policy and that the official wasteland bureau set up in Fengtian was in charge of releasing the “Jegün jiya quwang” and the remaining wasteland of six counties such as Chang and Huai.In the processes of reclamation,Prince (?)ndür Wang and Darqan Wang had conflicts because of the allocation of the wasteland price,and Darqan Wang had conflicts with the Han tenants because of the renting of the retained land.At the same time,the forcible transgressions of the official wasteland bureau and the acts of the bureau members of bending the law for personal gain caused the bankruptcy and displacement of the Mongolian people,and the relationship between the authorities of the three eastern provinces and the Mongolian banner and the Mongolian people became increasingly tense.The fifth chapter is about the reclamations in “Baraghun jiya quwang”.The discussion mainly focuses on the reasons for the reclamations in the “Baraghun jiya quwang”,the protection rights activities of the princes,nobles,and ordinary Mongolian people,the atrocities committed by the "reclamation army",the protection rights activities of Yangsanjab and,(?)ndür Wang,and the incident of Wu Ziyuan's resistance.From the relevant records in the archives was found out that around 1925,the authorities of the three eastern provinces had planned to release the “Baraghun jiya quwang”,but that was not implemented until 1929.As the last refuge of the Mongolian people of the Darqan Wang Banner,the “Baraghun jiya quwang” was reclaimed by the princes and nobles and the Mongolian people.Even the 9th Panchen Lama also intervened in the reclamation of that Mongolian land.The reclamation army's behavior of oppressing the people angered the Mongols completely,and finally,headed by (?)ndür Wang,the Mongols' resistence took the form of armed anti-reclamation actions.This is a concrete reflection of the contradiction and opposition between the government of the Republic of China and the Mongolian banners.The sixth chapter is about the problems in the “Liao bei quwang”.The discussion mainly focuses on the "Quwa coqor yamu" dispute,the “Liao bei quwang” reclamation plan,the establishment of the official wasteland bureau,the protection rights activities of the Mongolian people,and the Hada Meyiren anti-reclamation movement.Through the study of the reclamations in the “Liao bei quwang”,it can be seen that the authorities of the three eastern provinces not only pushed forward the reclamations,in order to obtain high land income,but also set the land as county administration by letting the land go,so as to control the resources of neighboring Mongolian banners and the traffic to Russia and Mongolia.In the reclamation processes in the “Liao bei quwang”,the authorities of the three eastern provinces did not really solve the livelihood problems of the Mongolian people in the Darqan Wang Banner.In addition,the behavior of the surveying team members,who oppresse the Mongolian people,further increased the contradiction between the two sides,causing the Mongolian people to take the risk of taking the road of armed anti-reclamation activities.The conclusion provides a comprehensive summary of the research results drawn in this thesis. |
PDF Full Text Request